Table 3.

Articles on PCI in immunotherapy reviewed in this paper.

Author, Year, Country	PCI-Internalized Molecule and Photosensitizer	Study Model	Primary Outcome	Reference
PCI IN IMMUNOTHERAPY, preclinical studies
Waeckerle-Men et al., 2013	OVA and TPCS2a	In vitro: DCs In vivo: Autologously immunized C57BL/6 mice	Proof-of-concept: Feasibility of PCI of OVA in DCs for stimulation of CTL responses in vitro. Autologous vaccination of mice with PCI-treated DCs led to improved MHC class-I-restricted and antigen-specific CTL response	[33]
Håkerud et al., 2014	OVA and TPCS2a	In vitro: DCs In vivo: Allograft model, B16-OVA-melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice	Proof-of-concept: Photosensitization and immunization directly in vivo. PCI-vaccination stimulated antigen-specific CD8 memory cells and prevented tumor growth	[34]
Håkerud et al., 2015	OVA and TPCS2a	In vitro: DCs In vivo: Allograft model, B16-OVA-melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice	Prophylactic PCI-based vaccination prevented tumor grafting and therapeutic vaccination reduced tumor growth and improved mouse survival	[35]
Hjálmsdóttir et al., 2016	DPPC Liposomes loaded with OVA or TPCS2a	In vitro: TPCS2a-and OVA-loaded liposomes Ex vivo CTL in blood and spleen of C57BL/6 mice	Liposomes can be used for PCI-based cytosolic antigen targeting and CTL cross priming and may protect photosensitizers from light-induced inactivation	[20]
Bruno et al., 2015	PLGA microparticles loaded with OVA and TPCS2a	In vivo: Allograft model, B16-OVA-melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice	The combination of PLGA microparticle–based antigen delivery and photosensitization induces stimulation of antigen-specific CTL in a mouse model	[22]
Haug et al.	In vitro: OVA and TPCS2a. In vivo: HPV 16 E7 protein (HPV43–78) and from tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2 180–188) and TPCS2a	In vitro: Macrophages In vivo: C57BL/6 mice	PCI promotes delivery of peptide antigens to the cytosol of APCs in vitro. Successful induction of antigen-specific CTL responses following intradermal peptide vaccination using PCI in vivo	[36]
Varypataki et al., 2019	OVA and TPCS2a or lethally irradiated B16-OVA and TPCS2a	In vivo: Allograft model, B16-OVA-melanoma cells in C57BL/6, congenic CD45.1, MHC class II- and CD40L-deficient mice	PCI-based vaccination caused tumor regression independent of MHC class II or CD4 T cells in melanoma-bearing mice	[37]

OVA: Chicken ovalbumin. DCs: Dendritic cells. DPPC: Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. PLGA: poly(lactide-co-glycolide).