Table 1.

Comparison of the main biomarkers derived from extracellular vesicles for clinical application in non-small cell lung cancer.

EV Content	Potential Utility as NSCLC Biomarker
mRNA	gene expression, driving/resistance mutations, splice variants, gene fusions, tumor heterogeneity
miRNA	immune-suppressive signature
lncRNA	drug-resistance response
Protein	PD-L1 expression, neoantigen expression, patient MHC haplotyping

EV, extracellular vesicle; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; mRNA, messenger RNA; miRNA, microRNA; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; MHC, major histocompatibility complex.