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. 2020 Jan 17;9(1):235. doi: 10.3390/cells9010235

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Roles of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in bladder cancer (BC). CD44 is highly expressed in muscle-invasive (MI)BC patients, regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated invasion, and mediates BC growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. ALDH1A1 regulates tumor progression, recurrence and poor prognosis in BC, and tumorigenic potentials in bladder CSCs. SOX4 regulates tumorigenesis, repression of WNT5a, migration, colony formation, EMT, and the expression of cell cycle-related genes. The SOX4 expression is correlated with advanced cancer stages and poor survival rates. YAP1 regulates progression and poor prognosis of BC, tumor growth, immunosuppression, chemoresistance, propagation of bladder CSCs, and reprogramming of the non-CSCs into CSCs. OCT4 regulates tumorigenesis, tumor recurrence, and resistance to therapies. OCT4 expression is correlated with the tumor grade in BC.