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. 2020 Jan 17;9(1):235. doi: 10.3390/cells9010235

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Regulatory pathways of bladder CSCs. Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes the regeneration of the normal urothelium and benign hyperplasia in normal bladder tissues. In BC, it regulates EMT, chemoresistance, and tumorigenesis. Notch signaling regulates cellular proliferation, EMT, cell invasion, stemness, and chemoresistance in BC. TGF-β signaling regulates tumorigenesis, EMT, and cell migration and invasion in BC. The activation of TGF-β signaling is correlated with poor survival in BC patients. Hedgehog signaling regulates EMT, invasion, clonogenicity, tumorigenicity, stemness, and glycosylation. PI3K/Akt signaling regulates cellular growth, angiogenesis, migration, resistance to cisplatin chemotherapy, and EMT.