Figure 3.

Development of experimental culture models of BC disease. Human and rodent BC cell lines were first developed and used for basic BC research. To study the mechanisms of bladder CSCs, 3D BC cell culture (spheroid culture) was developed. Recently, a 3D primary BC organoid culture method was established, which includes patient-derived bladder CSCs and can mimic the bladder tumor microenvironment. A patient-derived orthotopic mouse model was also established and could recapitulate clinical urothelial cell carcinoma progression and metastasis.