Table 1.
Gene expression differences in growth-restricted human placenta using RNA-sequencing.
| Potential Contributing Factor | Fetal Size | Pathway | Gene Expression Change | Gene | Gene Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small for gestational (SGA) | Cell proliferation | Increased | CREB3 | Transcription factor regulation cell proliferation | [35] | |
| Protein transport | DNAJC14 | Regulates export of target proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface | ||||
| Translation/Cellular growth and division | DDX3X | Alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly | ||||
| Development | GRHL1 | Transcription factor during development | ||||
| SGA | Metabolism | Increased | QPCT | An enzyme involved in the synthesis of neuroendocrine peptides | [35] | |
| Bone formation and haematopoiesis | FSTL3 | Glycoprotein involved in inhibition of multiple pathways | ||||
| Circadian rhythm | BHLHE40 | A transcriptional repressor involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm | ||||
| Gestation, stress response and metabolism | CRH | A marker that determines the length of gestation and the timing of parturition and delivery | ||||
| Metabolism | Decreased | GOT1 | Cytoplasmic form of an enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles | |||
| Large for gestational age (LGA) | Integrity and cell signaling | Decreased | PLEC | Member of a family that interlink different elements of the cytoskeleton | ||
| Cell adhesion | PVRL4 | Encodes a transmembrane cell adhesion protein comprised of immunoglobulin-like subunits | ||||
| Metabolism and energy | RDH13 | Mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses the reduction and oxidation of retinoids | ||||
| Late-onset preeclampsia | SGA | Multiple roles | Increased | INHBA | Involved in both the activation and repression of follicle stimulating hormone as well as a role in eye, tooth and testis development | |
| Growth | PAPPA2 | Regulator of insulin-like growth factor | [37] | |||
| Immune system | BCL6 | Master regulator which leads the differentiation of naïve helper T cells into follicular helper T cells | ||||
| Cell structure | Decreased | FAM101B | Regulates the perinuclear actin network and nuclear shape through interaction with filamins | |||
| Blood clotting | F13A1 | A subunit part of the last zymogen to become activated in the blood coagulation cascade | ||||
| Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) | Unknown | Increased | ARMS2 | Unknown function | [37] | |
| Immune system | BTNL9 | Involved in class one major histocombability complex mediated antigen pathways | ||||
| Hair morphogenesis | TCHHL1 | Role in hair morphogenesis and development of complex skin disorders | ||||
| Cell adhesion | ADAM2 | Roles in cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions and is an integral complex of sperm cell membranes | ||||
| Epidermal growth factor signaling | ASTE1 | Nuclease activity and possible role in epidermal growth factor signaling | ||||
| Immune system | Decreased | THEMIS | Regulates T-cell selection in late thymocyte development | |||
| Cellular functions | PTPRN | Signaling molecules that regulates cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle and oncogenic pathways | ||||
| Inflammation | FNDC4 | Anti-inflammatory factor in the intestine and acts on macrophages to downregulate pro-inflammatory gene expression | ||||
| Immune system | SIRPG | Glycoprotein involved in negative regulation of tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling processes |