Figure 2.
Effects of MSC EVs on bone repair and bone diseases. MSC EVs enhance proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs whereas apoptosis is inhibited. In addition, proliferation and recruitment of endothelial cells/endothelial progenitor are promoted leading to angiogenesis. MSC EVs also reduce osteoclast formation and osteocyte-like cells apoptosis.