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. 2019 Dec 24;12(1):56. doi: 10.3390/cancers12010056

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Ovatodiolide (OV) treatment suppresses tumorigenesis via reduction of the exosomal cargo. (A) OV treatment (4 µM, 48 h) significantly reduced the number of tumor spheres generated in both the CAL27 and SCC-15 cell lines. (B) Western blots show that OV treatment suppressed phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and β-catenin in tumor spheres generated after OV treatment. (C) OV treatment led to significantly reduced mRNA levels of PI3K, TGF-β1, Akt, STAT3, and miR-21-5p in cancer stem cell (CSC)_extracellular vesicles (EVs), compared to their control counterparts. a, p < 0.01; b, p < 0.001. CSC_EVs isolated after OV treatment showed reduced cisplatin (CDDP) resistance (D), and significantly suppressed colony-forming (E) and migratory (F) abilities. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.