Table 1.

The effect of LPS on glycolysis and OXPHOS.

LPS (ng/mL)	Treatment Period (hour)	Cell Type	Glycolysis	OXPHOS	Pro- Inflammatory Cytokines	Year	Reference
Early response
100	0–2	BMDMs	↑	↓	↑	2012	[11]
100	0–4	RAW 264.7	↑	↓
100	4	BMDMs	↑	↑	↑	2013	[12]
100	1	BMDMs		↑		2019	[13]
100	0.5, 1	BMDMs		↑		2019	[14]
100	0–2	BMDMs	↑	n.c.		2016	[15]
100	0–2	hMDMs	↑	n.c.
100	0–2	BMDMs	↑	n.c.		2018	[16]
100	0–4	Peritoneal mΦ	↑			2010	[17]
10	4	Monocytes	↑	↑		2016	[18]
100	0–1	Monocytes	↑	↑		2017	[19]
100	0–6	BMDCs		↑		2012	[20]
100	0–2	BMDCs	↑	n.c.		2014	[21]
Sustained response
100	8, 16, 24	BMDMs	↑	↓	↑	2013	[12]
100	24	BMDMs	↑	↓	↑	2015	[22]
100	24	BMDMs	↑	↓		2016	[23]
100	24 or 48	BMDMs	↑	↓	↑	2016	[24]
100	24	BMDMs	↑	↓		2016	[15]
10	12	BMDMs	n.c.	↑		2016	[25]
100	12	BMDMs	↑	↓
5000	12	BMDMs	↑	↓
100	24	BMDMs	↑	↓	↑	2017	[26]
100	4–24	BMDMs		↓	↑	2019	[13]
1000	16	mBMDMs	↑	↓	↑	2019	[27]
1000	16	hMDMs	↓	n.c.	↑
100	4–12	Peritoneal mΦ	↑		↑	2010	[17]
10	24	Monocytes	↑		↑	2014	[28]
1–100	24	Monocytes	↑	↓	↑	2016	[18]
0.1	24	Monocytes	↑	↑	↑
10	4 or 24	PBMCs	↑	↓	↑	2016	[29]
10	18	RAW 264.7	↑	↓		2017	[30]
100	24	Neutrophils	↑	↓		2019	[31]
100	24	BMDCs	↑	↓		2010	[32]
100	6-24	BMDCs	↑	↓	↑	2012	[20]
100	24	BMDCs	↑	↓		2014	[33]
1000	24	BMDCs	↑	↓		2019	[34]
50	6 or 24	Microglia	↑	↑		2019	[35]
100	6	Microglia	↑	↑
100	24	Microglia	↑	↓	↑
Tolerant response
First LPS (ng/mL) for period (hour)	Second LPS (ng/mL) for period (hour)
100 for 24	10 for 4	BMDMs		↓ *	↓ *	2019	[13]
100 for 24	10 for 24	hMDMs			↓ *	2014	[36]
10 for 24	10 for 24	Monocytes	↓ *	↓ *		2016	[29]

* compared with non-tolerant cells; BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages; hMDMs, human monocyte-derived macrophages; BMDCs, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; mΦ, macrophages; n.c. no change; ↑ increased; ↓ decreased.