Figure 2.

Upregulation of visfatin in H₂O₂-induced senescence of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). (a–d) hDPCs were stimulated with different concentrations of H₂O₂ (0, 200, and 400 nM) for 24 h. (a) The cells were stained for the detection of the activity of senescence-associated (SA)-β-galactosidase. Scale bar: 200 μm. (b) Quantitative results for the percentage of SA-β-galactosidase positively stained cells. (c) Cells were treated with H₂O₂ (200 and 400 nM) for 24 h. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting for detecting the levels of visfatin or α-Tubulin used as the loading control. (d) Relative visfatin protein levels normalized with α-Tubulin protein levels. (e–h) Cells were incubated with H₂O₂ (400 nM) for different time periods (0–24 h). (e) Cell lysates were subjected to RT-PCR for determining visfatin mRNA expression. β-Actin was used as an internal control. (f) Relative visfatin mRNA levels normalized with the levels of β-Actin mRNA. (g) Cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting to detect the levels of visfatin protein. α-Tubulin was used as the loading control. (h) Relative visfatin protein levels were normalized with the levels of α-Tubulin protein. * p <0.1, ** p < 0.01.