Table 2.
Source and treated drinking water qualitative and quantitative frequency of detections, median, and maximum concentrations for analytes detected in at least 30% of collected samples.
| Analytes | CAS registry number | Methoda | Units | RLb | LCMRLb | Source water | Treated drinking water | Analyte class and primary useh | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nc | Quald freq (%) | Quale freq (%) | Med.f conc | Max.g conc | nc | Quald freq (%) | Quale freq (%) | Med.f conc | Max.g conc | |||||||
| Phase I Pharmaceuticals | ||||||||||||||||
| Bupropion | 34,841-39-9 | 4 | ng/L | 0.66 | 9 | 89 | 67 | 1.23 | 3.19 | 9 | 44 | 33 | 1.99 | 3.34 | 1-Antidepressant | |
| Venlafaxine | 93,413-69-5 | 4 | ng/L | 0.58 | 9 | 78 | 78 | 10.8 | 41.9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | nd | nd | 1-Antidepressant | |
| Caffeine | 58-08-2 | 6 | ng/L | 60 | 9 | 67 | 11 | 124 | 124 | 9 | 66 | 11 | 88 | 88 | 1-Psychoactive stimulant | |
| Carbamazepine | 298-46-4 | 6 | ng/L | 40 | 9 | 78 | 11 | 269 | 269 | 9 | 55 | 11 | 586 | 586 | 1-Anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer | |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 723-46-6 | 6 | ng/L | 100 | 9 | 56 | 0 | QL | QL | 9 | 11 | 0 | QL | QL | 1-Sulfonamide antibiotic drug | |
| Citalopram | 59,729-33-8 | 4 | ng/L | 0.9 | 9 | 33 | 11 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 9 | 0 | 0 | nd | nd | 1-Antidepressant | |
| Sertraline | 79,617-96-2 | 4 | ng/L | 0.42 | 9 | 22 | 22 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 9 | 0 | 0 | nd | nd | 1-Antidepressant | |
| Anthropogenic Waste Indicators (AWIs) | ||||||||||||||||
| Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate | 115–96-8 | 5 | ng/L | 180 | 9 | 56 | 0 | QL | QL | 9 | 22 | 0 | QL | QL | 5-Fire retardant | |
| Tributyl phosphate | 126-73-8 | 5 | ng/L | 200 | 9 | 33 | 0 | QL | QL | 9 | 11 | 0 | QL | QL | 5-Antifoaming agent and flame retardant | |
| Bromoform | 75-25-2 | 5 | ng/L | 80 | 9 | 22 | 11 | 545 | 545 | 9 | 78 | 78 | 388 | 4060 | 8-Wastewater disinfection byproduct | |
| Phase II Pharmaceuticals | ||||||||||||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole | 723-46-6 | 2 | ng/L | 6.5 | 25 | 60 | 40 | 50.1 | 161.1 | 25 | 4 | 4 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 1-Sulfonamide antibiotic drug | |
| Lithium | 7439-93-2 | 9 | ng/L | 5000 | 25 | 56 | 56 | 10,700 | 46,000 | 25 | 56 | 56 | 10,800 | 42,700 | 1-Treats mania as part of bipolar disorder | |
| Carbamazepine | 298-46-4 | 2 | ng/L | 7.1 | 25 | 56 | 28 | 15.9 | 35.7 | 25 | 8 | 8 | 17.75 | 26.50 | 1-Anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer | |
| Metoprolol | 51,384-51-1 | 2 | ng/L | 4.7 | 25 | 52 | 32 | 11.4 | 37.8 | 25 | 20 | 12 | 8.5 | 18.4 | 1-Antihypertensive | |
| Estrone | 53-16-7 | 3 | ng/L | 0.092 | 25 | 52 | 20 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 25 | 4 | 0 | QL | QL | 3-Hormone | |
| Aciclovir | 59,277-89-3 | 1 | ng/L | 82 | 25 | 44 | 0 | QL | QL | 25 | 12 | 0 | QL | QL | 1-Antiviral | |
| Metformin | 657-24-9 | 1 | ng/L | 23 | 25 | 40 | 0 | QL | QL | 25 | 16 | 0 | QL | QL | 1-Treatment of type 2 diabetes | |
| Methocarbamol | 532-03-6 | 1 | ng/L | 27 | 25 | 36 | 8 | 29.11 | 32.30 | 25 | 16 | 0 | QL | QL | 1-Muscle relaxant | |
| Meprobamate | 57-53-4 | 1 | ng/L | 69 | 25 | 32 | 4 | 14.18 | 14.18 | 25 | 16 | 0 | QL | QL | 1-Anxiolytic | |
| Caffeine | 58-08-2 | 1 | ng/L | 42 | 25 | 32 | 12 | 70.29 | 90.89 | 25 | 8 | 0 | QL | QL | 1-Psychoactive stimulant | |
| Tramadol | 27,203-92-5 | 1 | ng/L | 8.7 | 25 | 32 | 16 | 10.74 | 23.04 | 25 | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | 1-opiate | |
| Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) | ||||||||||||||||
| Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) | 335-67-1 | 8 | ng/L | 0.56 | 25 | 100 | 76 | 6.32 | 112.00 | 25 | 100 | 76 | 4.15 | 104.00 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) | 375-73-5 | 8 | ng/L | 0.032 | 25 | 100 | 96 | 1.12 | 11.10 | 25 | 100 | 96 | 1.17 | 11.90 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) | 1763-23-1 | 8 | ng/L | 0.13 | 25 | 96 | 88 | 2.28 | 48.30 | 25 | 92 | 80 | 1.62 | 36.90 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) | 307-24-4 | 8 | ng/L | 0.044 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 2.02 | 55.10 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 1.43 | 60.80 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) | 375-85-9 | 8 | ng/L | 0.04 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 1.13 | 184.00 | 25 | 92 | 92 | 0.79 | 177.00 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) | 375-95-1 | 8 | ng/L | 0.094 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 0.86 | 41.40 | 25 | 92 | 88 | 0.74 | 38.60 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) | 375-22-4 | 8 | ng/L | 0.24 | 25 | 92 | 92 | 3.05 | 96.80 | 25 | 88 | 88 | 3.62 | 104.00 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) | 2706-90-3 | 8 | ng/L | 0.051 | 25 | 92 | 92 | 1.95 | 501.00 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 1.78 | 514.00 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) | 355-46-4 | 8 | ng/L | 0.034 | 25 | 92 | 92 | 0.86 | 44.80 | 25 | 84 | 84 | 0.86 | 38.40 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) | 335-76-2 | 8 | ng/L | 0.084 | 25 | 92 | 60 | 0.43 | 31.10 | 25 | 80 | 52 | 0.33 | 24.70 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) | 2058-94-8 | 8 | ng/L | 0.067 | 25 | 36 | 32 | 0.14 | 2.90 | 25 | 32 | 16 | 0.54 | 1.85 | 12-Perfluorinated | |
| Anthropogenic Waste Indicators (AWIs) | ||||||||||||||||
| Triclocarban (3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanalide) | 101-20-2 | 3 | ng/L | 1.1 | 21 | 57 | 24 | 1.74 | 2.89 | 21 | 19 | 0 | QL | QL | 6-Antimicrobial | |
| Triclosan | 3380–34-5 | 3 | ng/L | 0.68 | 25 | 52 | 12 | 2.71 | 3.50 | 25 | 36 | 0 | QL | QL | 6-Disinfectant, antimicrobial | |
| Benzotriazole methyl-lH | 136-85-6 | 1 | ng/L | 71 | 25 | 48 | 44 | 270 | 1200 | 25 | 36 | 16 | 134 | 247 | 8-Antioxidant and deicing agent | |
| N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) | 134-62-3 | 5 | ng/L | 72 | 25 | 48 | 4 | 98 | 98 | 25 | 24 | 0 | QL | QL | 6-Insect repellant | |
| Atrazine | 1912-24-9 | 1 | ng/L | 22 | 25 | 44 | 24 | 64 | 323 | 25 | 32 | 16 | 154 | 270 | 10-Herbicide | |
| Metolachlor | 51218-45-2 | 5 | ng/L | 49 | 25 | 36 | 12 | 130 | 130 | 25 | 32 | 12 | 95 | 100 | 10-Herbicide | |
| Galaxolide (HHCB) | 1222-05-5 | 5 | ng/L | 2.7 | 25 | 36 | 36 | 28 | 110 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 36.5 | 61 | 7-Fragrance, musk | |
| Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate | 78-51-3 | 5 | ng/L | 410 | 25 | 36 | 4 | 470 | 470 | 25 | 8 | 0 | QL | QL | 8-Plasticizer | |
| Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate | 115-96-8 | 5 | ng/L | 91 | 25 | 32 | 4 | 65 | 65 | 25 | 28 | 0 | QL | QL | 5-Fire retardant | |
| Isophorone | 78-59-1 | 5 | ng/L | 28 | 25 | 20 | 0 | QL | QL | 25 | 32 | 4 | 32 | 32 | 8-solvent | |
| Bromoform | 75-25-2 | 5 | ng/L | 100 | 25 | 12 | 12 | 60 | 88 | 25 | 60 | 52 | 180 | 3300 | 8-Wastewater ozonation byproduct | |
| Inorganic Constituents | ||||||||||||||||
| Strontium | 7440-24-6 | 9 | μg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 177 | 1014 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 178 | 1000 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Barium | 7440-39-3 | 9 | μg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 50.8 | 114 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 29.6 | 110 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Calcium | 7440-70-2 | 9 | mg/L | 0.010 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 38.9 | 129 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 39.3 | 78.4 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Sodium | 7440-23-5 | 9 | mg/L | 0.030 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 24.0 | 128 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 27.8 | 128 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Sulfur | 7704-34-9 | 9 | mg/L | 0.003 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 13.3 | 82.7 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 14.5 | 83.9 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Magnesium | 7439-95-4 | 9 | mg/L | 0.005 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 10.6 | 44.6 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 8.81 | 31.7 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Silicon | 7440-21-3 | 9 | mg/L | 0.020 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 2.75 | 22.4 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 2.93 | 22.3 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Potassium | 7440-09-7 | 9 | mg/L | 0.300 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 2.72 | 6.93 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 3.07 | 6.87 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Total dissolved nitrogen | 9 | mg N/L | NA | 23 | 100 | 100 | 1.03 | 5.12 | 23 | 100 | 100 | 0.96 | 4.97 | 13-Inorganic | ||
| Flouride | 16984-48-8 | 9 | mg/L | NA | 23 | 100 | 100 | 0.20 | 0.56 | 24 | 100 | 100 | 0.83 | 1.22 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Nitrate (NO3) | 14797-55-8 | 9 | mg N/L | 0.089 | 24 | 100 | 100 | 0.77 | 5.09 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 0.78 | 4.91 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Aluminum | 7429-90-5 | 9 | μg/L | 4.00 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 91.1 | 949 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 11.1 | 188 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Zinc | 7440-66-6 | 9 | μg/L | 0.50 | 25 | 96 | 96 | 3.30 | 23 | 25 | 68 | 68 | 1.30 | 100 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Sulfate (SO4) | 14808-79-8 | 9 | mg/L | NA | 24 | 96 | 88 | 20.6 | 234 | 24 | 96 | 88 | 43.1 | 241 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Chloride | 16887-00-6 | 9 | mg/L | NA | 24 | 96 | 88 | 15.8 | 52.8 | 24 | 96 | 83 | 26.9 | 60.8 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Iron | 7439-89-6 | 9 | Mg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 92 | 92 | 206 | 1688 | 25 | 80 | 80 | 3.40 | 90.7 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Manganese | 7439-96-5 | 9 | Mg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 92 | 92 | 43 | 1497 | 25 | 64 | 64 | 2.60 | 55.6 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Phosphorus | 7723-14-0 | 9 | mg/L | 0.005 | 25 | 84 | 84 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 25 | 68 | 68 | 0.20 | 0.70 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Copper | 7440-50-8 | 9 | Mg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 84 | 84 | 3.10 | 53.40 | 25 | 64 | 64 | 4.75 | 109 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Phosphate (PO4) | 14265-44-2 | 9 | mg/L | 0.025 | 24 | 83 | 83 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 25 | 68 | 68 | 0.22 | 1.96 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Bromide | 10035-10-6 | 9 | mg/L | 0.005 | 24 | 79 | 79 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 24 | 50 | 50 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Lead | 7439-92-1 | 9 | Mg/L | 0.07 | 22 | 77 | 77 | 0.38 | 2.41 | 24 | 21 | 21 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Uranium | 7440-61-1 | 9 | Mg/L | 0.05 | 22 | 68 | 68 | 0.83 | 8.92 | 24 | 50 | 50 | 0.69 | 3.63 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Ammonia (NH3) | 7664-41-7 | 9 | mg/L | 0.012 | 25 | 64 | 64 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 25 | 48 | 48 | 0.39 | 0.79 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Arsenic | 7440-38-2 | 9 | μg/L | 4.00 | 22 | 64 | 64 | 0.97 | 3.13 | 24 | 54 | 54 | 0.54 | 1.37 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Nitrite (NO2) | 14,797-65-0 | 9 | mg N/L | 0.033 | 24 | 50 | 50 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Nickel | 7440-02-0 | 9 | μg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 44 | 44 | 1.50 | 2.20 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 1.20 | 3.50 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Vanadium | 7440-62-2 | 9 | μg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 44 | 44 | 2.30 | 5.80 | 25 | 16 | 16 | 3.40 | 4.90 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Tin | 7440-31-5 | 9 | μg/L | 1.00 | 25 | 40 | 40 | 3.55 | 17.4 | 25 | 36 | 36 | 6.40 | 15.9 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Chlorate (ClO3) | 14,866-68-3 | 9 | mg/L | 0.010 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 15 | 53 | 53 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Selenium | 7782-49-2 | 9 | μg/L | 1.00 | 22 | 9 | 9 | 1.30 | 1.54 | 24 | 29 | 29 | 1.35 | 1.64 | 13-Inorganic | |
| Microorganisms | ||||||||||||||||
| Aspergillus fumigatus | 10 | cells/L | 25 | 48 | 48 | 10 | 30 | 25 | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | 14-Fungus | |||
| Giardia | 14 | cysts/L | 23 | 48 | 48 | 0.73 | 2.22 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 14-Protozoa | |||
| Adenovirus | 13 | MPN/L | 25 | 36 | 28 | 320 | 5123 | 12i | 17i | 17i | 73i | 105i | 14-Virus | |||
| Norovirus genogroup II | 13 | MPN/L | 25 | 36 | 36 | 471 | 3133 | 12i | 8i | 8i | 98i | 98i | 14-Virus | |||
| Aspergillus terreus | 10 | cells/L | 25 | 28 | 28 | 250 | 4250 | 25 | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | 14-Fungus | |||
| Polyomavirus | 13 | MPN/L | 25 | 28 | 16 | 356 | 848 | 12i | 8i | 0i | Qli | QLi | 14-Virus | |||
a
Detailed information about each method is presented in Supplementary Information Table 1.
b
Each analyte has either a reporting limit (RL) or lowest concentration minimum reporting level (LCMRL). See text for discussion on difference.
c
Number of samples analyzed for a particular analyte. Maximum in Phase Iis9; maximum in Phase II is 25.
d
Qualitative frequency of detection. Includes measurements below the RL or LCMRL as well as analytes with matrix enhancement in the associated laboratory fortified matrix samples.
e
Quantitative frequency of detection. Includes only measurements that exceed the RL or LCMRL and did not have matrix enhancement.
f
Median concentration of quantified detections. QL = all measurements qualitative; ND = non-detect.
g
Maximum concentration of quantified detections. QL = all measurements qualitative; ND = non-detect.
h
Analyte classes: 1) pharmaceutical, 2) pharmaceutical metabolite, 3) hormone, 4) detergent metabolite, 5) chlorinated flame retardant, 6) household chemical, 7) fragrance, 8) industrial chemical, 9) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 10) pesticide,11) plant or fecal sterol, 12) perfluorinated, 13) inorganic analyte, 14) microorganism.
i
For the virus samples, the treated samples were collected before disinfection, so should be considered only partially treated.