Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Authors, year	Design	Sample*	Impairment (symptoms)	Intervention (Experiment/Control)	Outcomes (Patient/Observer)	Results	Adverse effects
Cottingham et al, 198830	RCT	n = 32 males Mean age = 27 years Allocation 1:1	Pelvic anteversion > 9o. Healthy non-symptomatic.	The immediate and 24-hour follow-up effect. E: Rolfing soft tissue manipulation of the pelvic region (3 x 15 minutes). The three primary myofascial regions manipulated were the iliopsoas, deep hip rotator, and hamstring muscles. C: Lying in the same positions as those receiving treatment (3 x 15 minutes), without soft tissue manipulation.	O: Inclinometry of pelvis tilt in standing defined as the angle between an ASIS/PSIS line and the horizontal plane. Parasympathetic activity assessed with a Vagal Tone Monitor	The experimental group demonstrated immediate and 24-hour decreases of 1.7 o (12.3 o vs. 10.6 o) and 1.4 o (12.3o vs. 10.9 o) (p < 0.01), respectively, in standing anterior pelvic tilt angle, and a significant increase in vagal tone. The control group did not show significant pretest-posttest differences.	No
Levine et al, 199729	RCT	n = 40; F/M: 32/8 Mean age = 24.5 years Exp/control group F/M distribution: NA Allocation 1:1	Healthy subjects with no LBP. Abdominal muscle weakness (Kendall double leg lowering test)	E: Eight-week (5 of 7 days) individual prescribed programme of primarily abdominal strengthening and supplementary hip/lumbar spine stretching exercises. Supervised once a week for programme adjustments. C: Instructed not to change their activity level during the eight weeks.	O: Inclinometry of pelvis tilt in standing defined as the angle between an ASIS/PSIS line and the horizontal plane. Theta, an index of lumbar lordosis calculated from the length and depth of the lordosis, measured using a flexible ruler in standing position. Abdominal muscle strength (Kendall double leg lowering test).	Analysis of covariance in the experimental group vs. controls showed an increased abdominal muscle strength (p = 0.001), but no relationship to a mean reduction of 0.5o (pre 8.7 o vs. post 8.2o) anterior pelvic tilt was found (p = 0.17).	12 subjects were replaced during the intervention period
Barbosa et al, 201328	Intervention study without control	n = 7; F/M: NA Age: 18–35 years	Anterior pelvic tilt and LBP without radiculopathy	Eight weeks (3 sessions per week). HVLA thrust applied to the SIJ. At MVC 12%, isotonic eccentric contractions for knee flexion and concentric contractions of knee flexion were applied. The number of repetitions and series varied in each session.	P: VAS O: Digital photogrammetry in standing of pelvis tilt defined as the angle between an ASIS/PSIS line and the horizontal plane.	P: Baseline 5.83 ± 1.59 cm and final assessments 1.29 ± 0.58 cm (p = 0.009). O: Baseline 20.38 ± 5.70 degrees and final assessment 14.63 ± 2.17 degrees. Change of 5.8 degrees (p = 0.009).	No
Lee et al, 201431	Intervention study without control	n = 16 females Mean age ± SD = 23.63 ± 3.18 years	Habitually wearing high-heeled shoes and having pain in both SIJs during ASLR	The immediate and 24-hour follow-up effect of an application of posterior pelvic tilt taping (PPTT) using kinesiology tape aiming at decreasing anterior pelvic tilt	P: A six-point scale for disability on the ASLR test ranging from 0 (not difficult at all) to 5 (unable to perform). O: Inclinometry of pelvis tilt in standing defined as the angle between an ASIS/PSIS line and the horizontal plane.	After one day of PPTT all results (p < 0.001) P: ASLR scores (mean ± SD)** Dominant side 3.00 ± 1.10 to 1.38 ± 1.08 Non-dominant side 2.75 ± 1.18 to 1.25 ± 1.13. O: Pelvic tilt (meano ± SD)** Dominant side 11.97 ± 2.81 to 7.16 ± 2.87. Change of 4.8 degrees. Non-dominant side 12.68 ± 2.76 to 7.25 ± 2.45. Change of 5.4 degrees.	No

Note. Studies are presented methodologically with RCTs before non-RCTs and publication year.

LBP, low back pain; NA, not applicable; HVLA, high velocity, low amplitude; SIJ, sacroiliac joint; MVC, maximum isometric voluntary contractions; ASIS, anterior superior iliac spine; PSIS, posterior superior iliac spine; VAS, visual analogue scale; RCT, randomized controlled trial; ASLR, active straight leg raise test; SIJ, sacroiliac joint.

*n (number of participants), F/M (female/male).

**Criteria for dominant/non-dominant side are not defined. All patients are described as right-side dominant.