Table 1.

Methods of male contraception

Method	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Abstinence	No side effects. No cost.	Difficult to abstain for long duration.	[4]
Withdrawal	No Cost.	High risk of pregnancy if not withdrawn at time. Pregnancy may occur by pre-ejaculate.	[10]
Male condoms	Easy availability. Helps in prevention of STIs.	Decrease spontaneity. May break during use. High failure rate.	[11, 12]
Hormonal approaches	Non-surgical procedure.	Lack of uniform efficacy, Complex formulations, Impractical systemic delivery system, Poor availability, High cost	[13–16]
Immuno-contraceptives	Target specific effect. Long-term efficacy. No surgical interventions.	Still under research phase.	[17, 18]
Non-injectable Plugs	No-scalpel method. Size available according to vas, thus avoids vas rupture.	Lower efficacy. Delayed azoospermia Reversal – less assured	[19, 20]
Vasectomy	Safe and effective. Risk involved in surgical intervention.	Microsurgical skills required. Antisperm antibody development. Reversal is expensive and partially successful.	[5, 21]
Non-Scalpel Vasectomy	No surgical procedure. Easy technique. High efficiency.	Reversal is expensive and partially successful.	[22, 23]
RISUG®	Easy approach. Single intervention. Early contraception Minimal systemic interference. No undue side effects. Better scope for reversal.	No protection against Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs).	[24, 25]