Table 1.
Overview of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy user, program, and delivery characteristics.
| Numbered list of programsa | Target users’ age group and symptom severityb | Program delivery | Therapist support in program | Adjunct program support | |||||||||||||||||||
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Use setting | # of sessions, frequency, or duration of program | Web or email | Phone | In-person |
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| Treatment programs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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(1) BRAVE-Online | Children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder | Home | 10 weekly sessions plus 2 booster sessions; 60 min each | Xc | X | —d | Parent | |||||||||||||||
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(2) iCBTe for dental anxiety | Children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder | Home plus clinic | 12 weekly modules | X | — | — | Parent, dental professionalf | |||||||||||||||
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(3) Internet-delivered CBTg for children with anxiety disorders | Children with an anxiety disorder | Home | 11 modules over a 10-week period | X | X | — | Parent | |||||||||||||||
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(4) Internet-delivered CBT for children with specific phobia | Children with an anxiety disorder | Home | 11 modules over a 6-week period; 15-45 min each | X | X | — | Parent | |||||||||||||||
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(5) Chilled Out | Adolescents with an anxiety disorder | Home | 8 modules over a 12- or 14-week period; 30 min each | — | X | — | Parent (optional) | |||||||||||||||
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(6) Group therapy supported iCBT for adolescents with social anxiety disorder | Adolescents with an anxiety disorder | Home plus clinic | 12 weekly modules | X | X | X | Parent | |||||||||||||||
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(7) iCBT for anxiety disorders among adolescent girls | Adolescents with an anxiety disorder | Home | 7 modules over a 3-month period; 1 hour daily | X | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Indicated prevention programs: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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(8) Internet cognitive behavioral skills-based program | Children with moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms | Home | 3 modulesh with 20 sections over a 12-week period | — | X | — | Parent | |||||||||||||||
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(9) Internet-supported brief CBT for shy-socially isolated problem | Adolescents with moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms | School | 6 modules | X | X | — | — | |||||||||||||||
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(10) STAY COOL system for test anxiety | Adolescents with mild-to-moderate anxiety symptoms | School or home | 6 modules over 8 weeks; 20-30 min for each activity | — | — | X | Researcheri | |||||||||||||||
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(11) Feeling Better | Adolescents with mild-to-moderate anxiety and/or depressive symptoms | Home | 4 modulesj | X | X | — | — | |||||||||||||||
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(12) Individually tailored iCBT for adolescents | Adolescents with mild-to-severe anxiety and/or depressive symptoms | Clinic | 6-9 prescribed modules over a 6- to 18-week period | X | X | X | — | |||||||||||||||
| Universal prevention programs: 13, 14, 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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(13) The e-couch Anxiety and Worry Program | Adolescents with no symptoms required | School | 6 weekly sessions; 30-40 min each | — | — | — | Teacherk, mental health service providerl | |||||||||||||||
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(14) MoodGYM | Adolescents with no symptoms required | School | 5 weekly modules; 30-60 min each | — | — | — | Teacherk | |||||||||||||||
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(15) Thiswayup Schools for Anxiety and Depression prevention courses | Adolescents with no symptoms required | School | 6 (anxiety) or 7 (depression) weekly modules; 40 min each | — | — | — | Teacherk | |||||||||||||||
aCategorized according to the Level of Prevention Model [49]: universal prevention—target participants have not been identified on the basis of individual risk (ie, no symptoms required); selective prevention—target participants have a higher risk of developing an anxiety disorder than others; indicated prevention—target participants are at high risk, those who have anxiety signs or symptoms but do not currently meet diagnostic levels; and treatment—target participants are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.
bChildren: mean study age of users ≤12 years; adolescents: mean study age of users ≥13 years. The anxiety severity reported was the severity required for study inclusion; anxiety severity was not necessarily the baseline level of symptoms participants had.
cThis type of therapist support was incorporated.
dThis type of adjunct support was not incorporated.
eiCBT: internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy.
fA dental professional (a dentist, dental hygienist, or dental assistant) provided exposure at a dental clinic.
gCBT: cognitive behavioral therapy.
h2 blocks of modules (containing 9 major sections) are dedicated to mothers, and 1 module block (containing 12 major sections) is dedicated to the child plus mother.
iResearch assistant or graduate student was present to facilitate aspects of the study, such as assessment and troubleshoot technical issues.
jThe first 4 out of a possible 12 modules were delivered for the purpose of this study: Introduction, Activity and Motivation, Thoughts and Feelings, and Stress Management [95].
kProgram administration was facilitated by a classroom teacher. The teacher was available for general guidance but did not provide an active therapeutic role in the program.
lA mental health service provider was present in 1 study of the program to facilitate program administration and address student questions [103].