. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 13.

Published in final edited form as: AACN Adv Crit Care. 2019 Dec 15;30(4):353–364. doi: 10.4037/aacnacc2019267

Table 3:

Significant Risk Factors for Withdrawal Syndrome

• Cumulative dose of opioid^11,12

• Long duration of benzodiazepine use¹⁵

• High mean daily opioid dose¹⁵

• High mean daily benzodiazepine dose¹⁵

• High mean peak of opioid¹⁵

• High weaning rate of opioid infusion^7,13

• High weaning rate of benzodiazepine infusion⁷

• Low mean daily haloperidol dose¹⁵

• More frequent use of antipsychotics⁹

• Long duration of propofol use¹⁵

• Use of neuromuscular blocking agents and propofol for > 1 day¹⁵

• Increased duration of opioid use¹⁵

• Young age¹⁵

• High body mass index¹³

• History of drug use disorder¹¹

• Heavy alcoholism¹²

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome¹⁵

• Septic shock¹²