Figure 1.

Species richness changes in a warmer future: interactive effects of climate and topography on dispersal in space and time. Richness increases in (a), alpine mountaintops (white triangle) in cold climates where warming increases the capacity for species richness, and rugged topography provides nearby pools of species suited to the new conditions. Richness does not increase in either (b) mountaintops in warmer and drier climates where warming decreases the capacity for species richness or (c) less rugged settings in which there are no nearby sources of species suited to the new conditions. (Online version in colour.)