Table 2.

Datasets used to calculate the BIp and BIr indicators.

dataset	reference	spatial resolution	dimension of biodiversity	definition
species richness—AOH	IUCN [51]	1 km	species (community composition)	provides an indication of how many species are potentially present in a given pixel. It is based on aggregating maps of the extent of suitable habitat (ESH) for all mammals, amphibians and birds.
rarity-weighted richness—AOH	IUCN [51]	1 km	species (community composition)	provides an indication of how ‘important’ a given area is for biodiversity. It is based on aggregating range-size rarity scores (i.e. a measure of endemism) from maps of the extent of suitable habitat (ESH) for all mammals, amphibians and birds. This results in a continuous layer of biodiversity importance.
GLOBIO 4—mean species abundance (MSA)	Alkemade et al. [52], Schipper et al. [53], Kim et al. [54]	300 m	ecosystems (intactness)	provides a measure on the compositional integrity or intactness of local communities within a pixel. It represents the mean abundance of original species in relation to a particular pressure as compared with the mean abundance in an undisturbed reference situation. Pressures include climate change, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, land use, infrastructure, habitat fragmentation and hunting (in tropical regions).
PREDICTS—Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII—abundance based)	Newbold et al. [55], Purvis et al. [56], de Palma et al. [57], Hill et al. [58]	1 km	ecosystems (intactness)	BII provides a measure of the intactness of ecological assemblages and it represents the average community abundance of the originally present species, as affected by four pressure variables: land use, land-use intensity, human population density and proximity to the nearest road, in the pixel (relative to the original state assuming a pristine cover). Raster dataset was downloaded from https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/global-map-of-the-biodiversity-intactness-index-from-newbold-et-al-2016-science on September 2018.
CSIRO—Biodiversity Habitat Index (BHI)	Ferrier et al. [59], Allnutt et al. [60], Hoskins et al. [61]	1 km	ecosystems (intactness)	BHI estimates the impacts of habitat transformation on the retention of terrestrial biodiversity. It integrates: (1) habitat condition, on a scale of 0–1, derived from statistical downscaling of coarse-resolution land-use data using 1 km resolution environmental and remotely sensed land-cover covariates; and (2) spatial turnover in species composition (beta diversity) of vascular plant communities modelled as a function of species occurrence records and 1 km resolution climate, terrain and soil surfaces. The BHI score assigned to a given 1 km cell is calculated as the average condition of all cells predicted to have supported a similar composition of species to the cell of interest (prior to habitat transformation). This score can therefore be interpreted as the effective proportion of habitat remaining across these compositionally similar cells.