Figure 2.

(a) Ice-rich Yedoma permafrost exposure in Duvanniy Yar, an eroding bank on the lower reaches of the Kolyma River in northeastern Siberia. Note the small Dahurian larch—Larix gmelinii (Ruprecht) Kuzeneva 1920—trees on the top of the ridge, heavily disturbed by permafrost dynamics, the rich syngenetic ice-wedges and the lush grassy vegetation on top of nutrient-rich detached soil fragments; (b) aerial view of a section of Pleistocene Park. The thick black line marks the outer fence of the area; (c) Yakutian horses in Pleistocene Park; (d) European bison browsing on Alnus viridis (Chaix.) D.C. shrubs; (e) herd of yaks grazing on a drained lake in Pleistocene Park.