Table 1. Characteristics of the study subjects with and without diabetes.

Variables	With diabetes N (%)	Without diabetes N (%)	P value
Age* (year, $\overline{x}\pm s$)	58.14 ± 12.93	48.81 ± 14.83	<0.001
Gender			<0.001
Male	13,472 (14.1)	81,722 (85.9)
Female	14,445 (12.0)	106,012 (88.0)
Education#			<0.001
Illiteracy	1,902 (19.3)	7,967 (80.7)
Primary school	7,064 (15.3)	39,225 (84.7)
Junior high school	9,746 (13.0)	65,122 (87.0)
Senior high school	5,519 (12.2)	39,784 (87.8)
University or higher	2,922 (8.7)	27,580 (91.3)
Unspecified	764 (8.5)	8,045 (91.5)
Height (cm, $\overline{x}\pm s$)	163.3 ± 8.6	164.0 ± 8.2	<0.001
Weight (kg, $\overline{x}\pm s$)	69.9 ± 11.8	67.0 ± 11.9	<0.001
WC (cm, $\overline{x}\pm s$)	90.6 ± 10.5	85.8 ± 10.8	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L, $\overline{x}\pm s$)	7.74 ± 2.80	5.10 ± 0.90	<0.001
TG (mmol/L, $\overline{x}\pm s$)	2.07 ± 1.66	1.57 ± 1.15	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L, $\overline{x}\pm s$)	1.50 ± 0.62	1.49 ± 0.56	<0.001
Smoking status&			<0.001
Non-smokers	21,254 (12.3)	151,163 (87.7)
Previous smokers	1,483 (21.4)	5,438 (78.6)
Current smokers	5,128 (14.2)	30,919 (85.8)
Alcohol consumption^			<0.001
No	22,564 (12.5)	158,173 (87.5)
Yes	5,305 (15.3)	29,401 (84.7)

Notes:

There were missing values on participants’ age, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and the number of missing were 353, 11, 266, 208, respectively.

WC, waist circumference; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.