TABLE 1.
Summary characteristics of 13 datasets (12 cohorts)
| Dataset | DATATOP | DIGPD_chip | DIGPD_neuroX | HBS | NET-PD_LS1 | OSLO | PARKFIT | PARKWEST | PDBP | PICNICS | PPMI | PRECEPT/POSTCEPT | PROPARK |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 428 | 108 | 235 | 503 | 340 | 318 | 332 | 147 | 515 | 117 | 441 | 318 | 291 |
| Total number of visits | 3303 | 268 | 811 | 1,206 | 2209 | 2086 | 664 | 294 | 2360 | 358 | 2436 | 4983 | 1599 |
| Number of visits per participants, median [1Q,3Q] | 7 [6,8] | 2 [1, 3.25] | 4 [3, 4.5] | 3 [2,3] | 7 [6,8] | 6 [3, 10] | 2 [2,2] | 2 [2,2] | 5 [1,7] | 3 [2,4] | 6 [5,7] | 16 [14, 17] | 6 [6,6] |
| Follow-up in years | 1.22 (0.41) | 1.52 (1.60) | 2.54 (1.30) | 1.53 (0.84) | 4.47 (1.48) | 12.08 (6.91) | 1.97 (0.00) | 3.04 (0.09) | 1.97 (1.73) | 3.03 (1.62) | 4.88 (2.05) | 6.78 (0.95) | 4.64 (1.13) |
| Age at diagnosis | 58.73 (9.12) | 59.04 (10.14) | 60.44 (9.43) | 62.27 (10.40) | 60.84 (9.07) | 54.43 (10.14) | 60.85 (8.62) | 67.16 (9.29) | 58.59 (10.18) | 68.95 (9.38) | 61.05 (9.82) | 59.45 (9.18) | 53.11 (10.58) |
| Year from diagnosis | 1.15 (1.16) | 2.78 (1.56) | 2.52 (1.57) | 4.02 (4.62) | 1.48 (0.97) | 1.76 (4.69) | 5.14 (4.40) | 0.14 (0.12) | 6.31 (5.44) | 0.23 (0.48) | 0.55 (0.54) | 0.80 (0.84) | 6.61 (4.67) |
| Female (%) | 142 (33.2) | 44 (40.7) | 91 (38.7) | 174 (34.6) | 122 (35.9) | 106 (33.3) | 109 (32.8) | 55 (37.4) | 202 (39.2) | 43 (36.8) | 159 (36.1) | 105 (33.0) | 105 (36.1) |
| Having Hoehn & Yahr scale 2 or larger at baseline (%) | 197 (46.0) | 68 (65.4) | 151 (64.3) | 420 (84.5) | - | 22 (100.0) | 314 (94.6) | 85 (57.8) | 426 (83.0) | 62 (53.0) | 242 (54.9) | 198 (62.5) | 271 (96.1) |
| Years of education | 14.19 (3.29) | 12.27 (2.92) | 12.28 (3.17) | 15.14 (1.72) | 15.46 (2.23) | - | - | 11.31 (3.24) | 15.24 (4.56) | 12.17 (2.89) | 15.58 (2.98) | 15.93 (3.15) | 11.95 (4.10) |
| Use of levodopa (%) | 0 (0.0) | 64 (59.8) | 161 (68.5) | 353 (70.2) | 171 (50.6) | - | - | 0 (0.0) | 409 (83.1) | 35 (29.9) | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 199 (68.4) |
| Use of agonist (%) | 0 (0.0) | 88 (81.5) | 163 (69.4) | 198 (39.4) | 231 (68.3) | - | - | 0 (0.0) | 277 (56.3) | 22 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 218 (74.9) |
| Hyposmia (%) | 0 (0.0) | 33 (30.8) | 66 (28.4) | - | - | - | - | 53 (36.1) | 295 (63.6) | - | 185 (44.6) | - | 170 (63.7) |
| Cognitive impairment (%) | 24 (5.6) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 59 (11.9) | 27 (7.9) | - | 55 (16.6) | 27 (18.4) | 119 (23.2) | 11 (9.4) | 35 (7.9) | 3 (0.9) | 76 (27.1) |
| Motor fluctuations (%) | - | 14 (13.1) | 32 (13.6) | 198 (39.9) | 87 (25.7) | - | - | 4 (2.7) | 176 (37.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | 92 (32.3) |
| Dyskinesias (%) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (3.7) | 13 (5.5) | 168 (33.8) | 5(1.5) | - | - | 2(1.4) | 118 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | 80 (27.8) |
| Depression (%) | 11 (2.6) | 29 (27.1) | 77 (33.3) | 28 (10.3) | 31 (9.2) | - | - | 20 (13.6) | 59 (12.5) | 26 (22.2) | 141 (33.8) | 72 (22.6) | 48 (16.6) |
| Restless legs syndrome (%) | - | 16 (15.7) | 34 (14.5) | 30 (10.4) | - | - | - | - | 107 (24.4) | - | 27 (0.65) | - | - |
| Constipation (%) | 9 (2.1) | 17 (16.0) | 48 (20.7) | - | - | - | - | 17 (11.6) | 255 (54.0) | 27 (23.1) | 149 (33.8) | - | 137 (47.1) |
| Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 217 (49.4) | - | 104 (24.9) | - | - |
| Daytime sleepiness (%) | 3 (0.7) | 51 (48.6) | 104 (44.3) | - | - | - | - | 23 (15.6) | 178 (37.7) | 24 (20.5) | 61 (14.7) | - | 125 (43.0) |
| Insomnia (%) | 11 (2.6) | 31 (30.4) | 86 (36.6) | 170 (33.9) | - | - | - | 45 (30.6) | 332 (70.3) | 59 (50.4) | 109 (24.7) | - | 83 (28.5) |
| Hoehn & Yahr scale 3 or greater (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2(1.9) | 3(1.3) | 59 (11.9) | 10 (2.9) | (0.0) | 17(5.1) | 11 (7.5) | 81 (15.8) | 12 (10.3) | 2 (0.5) | (0.0) | 115 (40.8) |
| SEADL 70 or less (%) | 3 (0.7) | 30 (30.0) | 12(5.1) | - | 2 (0.6) | - | - | 5 (3.4) | 75 (15.9) | - | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | - |
| Hoehn & Yahr scale | 1.61 (0.53) | 1.76 (0.56) | 1.77 (0.54) | 2.13 (0.63) | - | 3.27 (0.55) | 2.08 (0.33) | 1.87 (0.58) | 2.03 (0.73) | 1.63 (0.66) | 1.50 (0.50) | 1.75 (0.48) | 2.51 (0.79) |
| UPDRS_scaled | −0.07 (0.98) | 0.08 (1.00) | −0.03 (0.96) | −0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.01) | - | −0.06 (0.96) | −0.02 (1.01) | −0.07 (1.01) | −0.01 (0.98) | - | 0.02 (1.00) | - |
| UPDRS1_scaled | - | −0.10 (0.99) | −0.02 (0.90) | 0.01 (1.01) | 0.01 (1.06) | - | - | −0.03 (1.00) | 0.03 (1.01) | - | 0.00 (4.31) | −0.03 (0.96) | - |
| UPDRS2 scaled | - | 0.13 (1.01) | −0.06 (0.98) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.01 (0.98) | - | - | −0.03 (1.00) | −0.00 (1.01) | - | 0.00 (4.19) | −0.01 (1.00) | - |
| UPDRS3_scaled | - | 0.09 (0.99) | −0.02 (0.96) | −0.01 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.61 (1.21) | - | −0.01 (1.00) | −0.09 (1.00) | - | −0.00 (8.87) | 0.04 (0.99) | - |
| UPDRS4_scaled | - | −0.09 (1.55) | −0.17 (0.81) | −0.20 (0.86) | −0.33 (0.71) | - | - | −0.25 (0.86) | −0.12 (0.94) | - | - | - | - |
| MMSE | 29.01 (1.32) | 28.59 (1.66) | 28.21 (1.75) | 28.39 (2.17) | - | - | 28.09 (1.61) | 27.86 (2.29) | - | 28.70 (1.44) | - | 29.28 (1.08) | 27.05 (2.50) |
| SEADL | 91.56 (6.49) | 64.96 (41.02) | 88.54 (14.94) | - | 91.88 (5.84) | - | - | 89.39 (7.42) | 84.58 (14.84) | - | 93.79 (6.11) | 92.78 (5.26) | - |
Continuous variables were summarized as mean (standard deviation). 1Q, first quantile; 3Q, third quantile. DATATOP, Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism; DIGPD_chip, Drug Interaction With Genes in Parkinson’s Disease genotyped by lllumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array; DIGPD_neuroX: Drug Interaction With Genes in Parkinson’s Disease genotyped by NeuroX; HBS, Harvard Biomarkers Study; NET-PD_LS1, National Institutes of Health Exploratory Trials in Parkinson’s Disease Large Simple Study 1; OSLO, the Oslo Parkinson’s Disease study; PARKFIT, the ParkFit study; PARKWEST, Norwegian ParkWest Study; PDBP, Parkinson’s Disease Biomarker Program; PICNICS, Parkinsonism Incidence and Cognitive and Non-motor heterogeneity In Cambridgeshire; PPM I, Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative; PreCEPT/PostCEPT, Parkinson Research Examination of CEP-1347 Trial study with its subsequent prospective study; PROPARK, Profiling Parkinson’s Disease Study; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; SEADL, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale; UPDRS1, UPDRS part 1; UPDRS2, part 2; UPDRS3, part 3; UPDRS4, part 4.