Table 2.

Association of number of impairments in sleep health dimensions with mean total and outpatient health-care costs

	Total health-care costs		Outpatient costs
Impairments in sleep health dimensions	CR (95% CI)	P-value	CR (95% CI)
Base model*		0.007
None	Reference		Reference
1 impairment	1.08 (0.92 to 1.28)		1.11 (0.98 to 1.26)
2 impairments	1.16 (0.98 to 1.38)		1.06 (0.93 to 1.21)
3–5 impairments	1.34 (1.13 to 1.60)		1.11 (0.97 to 1.27)
Base model + number of medical conditions		0.35
None	Reference		Reference
1 impairment	0.99 (0.84 to 1.16)		1.07 (0.95 to 1.20)
2 impairments	1.03 (0.86 to 1.22)		1.00 (0.88 to 1.13)
3–5 impairments	1.14 (0.95 to 1.36)		1.00 (0.88 to 1.14)
Base model + functional limitations		0.26
None	Reference		Reference
1 impairment	1.00 (0.85 to 1.17)		1.04 (0.93 to 1.18)
2 impairments	1.03 (0.87 to 1.21)		0.99 (0.87 to 1.13)
3–5 impairments	1.16 (0.97 to 1.37)		1.02 (0.89 to 1.16)
Base model + depressive symptoms		0.33
None	Reference		Reference
1 impairment	1.08 (0.92 to 1.27)		1.09 (0.97 to 1.23)
2 impairments	1.06 (0.89 to 1.25)		1.02 (0.90 to 1.16)
3–5 impairments	1.18 (0.99 to 1.40)		1.04 (0.91 to 1.19)
Multivariate model†		0.80
None	Reference		Reference
1 impairment	0.96 (0.82 to 1.13)		1.03 (0.92 to 1.16)
2 impairments	0.95 (0.80 to 1.12)		0.96 (0.85 to 1.09)
3–5 impairments	1.02 (0.86 to 1.22)		0.95 (0.83 to 1.08)

*Adjusted for age, race, and enrollment site.

^†Adjusted for age, race, enrollment site, number of medical conditions, functional limitations, and depressive symptoms.