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. 2007 Oct 17;2007(4):CD001943. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub2

Comparison 2. LOXAPINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Leaving the study early ‐ any reason 16 1305 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.11 [0.89, 1.38]
1.1 short term ‐ up to 6 weeks 7 380 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.06 [0.84, 1.34]
1.2 medium term ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 9 925 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.22 [0.76, 1.97]
2 Removed from analysis 11 793 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.99 [0.54, 1.79]
3 Global effect: 1. Not improved (CGI) 13 580 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.86 [0.68, 1.09]
3.1 short term ‐ up to 6 weeks 6 294 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.84 [0.58, 1.21]
3.2 medium term ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 7 286 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.88 [0.65, 1.19]
4 Global effect: 2. Not ready for discharge ‐ up to 4 weeks 2 73 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.18 [0.87, 1.60]
5 Global effect: 3. Needing additional antipsychotic/sedative drugs ‐ up to 6 weeks 2 87 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.14 [0.62, 2.12]
6 Global effect: 4. Participant rating of illness 2   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
6.1 did not feel better ‐ 4 weeks 2 104 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.23 [0.69, 2.21]
6.2 much, or very much better ‐ 4 weeks 1 50 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.0 [0.73, 1.37]
6.3 worse ‐ 4 weeks 2 104 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.04, 3.01]
6.4 would not prefer to stay on medication ‐ 4 weeks 2 104 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.19 [0.78, 1.81]
6.5 prefer another medication ‐ 4 weeks 2 104 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.19 [0.78, 1.81]
7 Mental state: 1a. General ‐ not improved, by 8 weeks (BPRS/PANSS) 6 915 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.76, 1.05]
8 Mental state: 1b. General ‐ average endpoint score, by 8 weeks (BPRS, high score=worse) 3 465 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.80 [‐2.92, ‐0.67]
9 Mental state: 1c. General ‐ average endpoint score, by 8 weeks (PANSS, high score=worse) 1 80 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.75 [‐8.60, 5.10]
10 Mental state: 1d. General ‐ average change score (BPRS, high score=worse) 3 465 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.38 [‐2.60, ‐0.16]
11 Mental state: 2. Specific 5   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
11.1 anxiety ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.44 [0.35, 5.81]
11.2 anxiety ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 1 30 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.01, 7.58]
11.3 behaviour changes (not specified), by 12 weeks 2 122 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.94 [0.59, 1.50]
11.4 depression ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.5 [0.05, 5.19]
11.5 excitement ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.0 [0.19, 20.77]
11.6 restlessness ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.25 [0.38, 4.16]
11.7 restlessness ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 1 30 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.01, 7.58]
11.8 violence or aggression ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.0 [0.19, 20.77]
12 Adverse effects: 1. Average change score, by 8 weeks (TESS, high score=worse) 3 340 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.07 [‐0.11, ‐0.03]
13 Adverse effects: 2. Any adverse event 14 627 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.88, 1.06]
13.1 up to 6 weeks 7 318 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.91, 1.13]
13.2 7 ‐ 26 weeks 7 309 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.76, 1.05]
14 Adverse effects: 3. Anticholinergic effects ‐ specific symptoms 9   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
14.1 blurred vision ‐ up to 6 weeks 4 187 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.63, 1.39]
14.2 blurred vision ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.58 [0.52, 4.79]
14.3 constipation ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.14 [0.92, 1.40]
14.4 constipation ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 3 124 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.20 [0.48, 2.96]
14.5 dry mouth ‐ up to 6 weeks 3 151 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.35 [0.76, 2.39]
14.6 dry mouth ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 3 147 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.16 [0.60, 2.26]
14.7 nasal congestion ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.6 [0.11, 3.32]
15 Adverse effects: 4. Cardiovascular problems 12   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
15.1 hypertension ‐ 12 weeks 1 37 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.53 [0.05, 5.33]
15.2 ECG abnormalites ‐ up to 4 weeks 2 76 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.37, 1.90]
15.3 ECG abnormalities ‐ up to 12 weeks 4 456 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.40 [0.11, 1.47]
15.4 hypotension ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 5 280 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.84 [0.46, 1.52]
15.5 syncope ‐ 8 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.7 [0.30, 24.43]
15.6 tachycardia ‐ 7 to 26 weeks 6 365 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.08 [0.78, 1.47]
15.7 unspecified ‐ 12 weeks 2 122 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.45, 1.54]
16 Adverse effects: 5. Gastrointestinal problems 5   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
16.1 abdominal pain ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.44 [0.35, 5.81]
16.2 appetite loss ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.49, 1.70]
16.3 constipation ‐ 8 weeks 1 60 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 5.0 [0.25, 99.95]
16.4 diarrhoea ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.5 [0.05, 5.19]
16.5 diarrhoea ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.18 [0.01, 3.60]
16.6 nausea or vomiting ‐ 4 weeks 2 95 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.73 [0.15, 3.60]
16.7 nausea or vomiting ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.8 [0.17, 18.75]
16.8 stomach trouble ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.67 [0.12, 3.68]
17 Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders 19   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
17.1 agitation ‐ 8 weeks 1 132 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.18 [0.01, 3.18]
17.2 akathisia ‐ up to 6 weeks 3 162 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.07 [0.52, 2.19]
17.3 akathisia ‐ up to 12 weeks 3 157 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.22 [0.80, 1.88]
17.4 akinesia ‐ 4 weeks 1 50 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 9.0 [0.51, 158.85]
17.5 dyskinesia ‐ 4 weeks 1 29 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.29, 3.03]
17.6 dystonia ‐ up to 6 weeks 4 205 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.80 [0.91, 3.54]
17.7 dystonia ‐ up to 12 weeks 2 117 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.20 [0.59, 2.42]
17.8 extrapyramidial ‐ up to 4 weeks 4 169 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.77, 1.23]
17.9 extrapyramidal ‐ up to 12 weeks 4 314 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.08 [0.85, 1.38]
17.10 excess salivation ‐ 4 weeks 1 50 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.42 [0.87, 2.31]
17.11 excess salivation ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 3 124 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.39, 2.19]
17.12 fixed stare ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.81 [0.20, 3.27]
17.13 heavy muscles ‐ up to 6 weeks 2 108 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.70 [0.21, 2.32]
17.14 muscle cramp ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.44 [0.35, 5.81]
17.15 muscle spasm ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.08 [0.30, 3.87]
17.16 muscle spasm ‐ 26 weeks 1 30 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.0 [0.20, 19.78]
17.17 needing additional anticholinergic medication ‐ up to 6 weeks 7 302 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.04 [0.81, 1.33]
17.18 needing additional anticholinergic medication ‐ up to 12 weeks 3 120 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.10 [0.71, 1.72]
17.19 oculogyric crisis ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.35 [0.40, 4.48]
17.20 rigidity ‐ up to 6 weeks 4 212 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.20 [0.96, 1.50]
17.21 rigidity ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 3 124 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.03 [0.51, 2.06]
17.22 thick speech ‐ up to 6 weeks 2 108 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.23 [0.44, 3.39]
17.23 tremor ‐ up to 6 weeks 4 212 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.11 [0.81, 1.51]
17.24 tremor ‐ 7 to 26 weeks 4 184 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.84 [0.54, 1.32]
17.25 twisting movement ‐ 8 weeks 1 60 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.0 [0.19, 20.90]
18 Adverse effects: 7. Neurological problems 9   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
18.1 ataxia ‐ 4 weeks 1 41 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.26 [0.03, 2.15]
18.2 clumsiness ‐ 26 weeks 1 30 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 3.0 [0.13, 68.26]
18.3 confusion/cloudiness ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.81 [0.20, 3.27]
18.4 confusion/cloudiness ‐ 7 to 26 weeks 2 87 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.85 [0.61, 13.24]
18.5 dizziness, fainting, weakness ‐ up to 6 weeks 2 95 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.37, 2.36]
18.6 dizziness/fainting, weakness ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 3 137 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.59 [0.67, 3.75]
18.7 giddiness ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.4 [0.08, 1.89]
18.8 seizures ‐ up to 12 weeks 3 302 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 3.94 [0.45, 34.72]
18.9 unsteadiness ‐ 26 weeks 1 30 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 3.0 [0.35, 25.68]
19 Adverse effects: 8. Sleep problems 12   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
19.1 drowsiness / sedation ‐ up to 6 weeks 6 279 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.14 [0.79, 1.65]
19.2 drowsiness/ sedation ‐ up to 12 weeks 6 408 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.38 [1.02, 1.86]
19.3 fatigue ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.65 [0.17, 2.44]
19.4 insomnia ‐ up to 6 weeks 3 137 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.00 [0.56, 1.81]
19.5 insomnia ‐ up to 12 weeks 2 189 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.30 [0.13, 0.69]
19.6 lethargy ‐ up to 6 weeks 2 108 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.69 [0.77, 3.75]
20 Adverse effects: 9. Weight changes 4   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
20.1 weight increase ‐ 6 weeks 1 29 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.47 [0.10, 2.16]
20.2 weight increase 12 weeks 2 169 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.57 [0.30, 1.10]
20.3 weight loss ‐ 6 weeks 1 29 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.62 [0.12, 3.19]
20.4 weight loss ‐ 12 weeks 2 87 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.38 [0.58, 3.31]
21 Adverse effects: 10. Others 16   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
21.1 abnormal blood results ‐ up to 6 weeks 5 235 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.15 [0.60, 2.22]
21.2 abnormal blood results ‐ up to 12 weeks 5 506 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.06 [0.76, 1.47]
21.3 anxiety ‐ 8 weeks 1 132 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.29 [0.07, 1.20]
21.4 difficulty swallowing ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.81 [0.20, 3.27]
21.5 headache ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.44 [0.35, 5.81]
21.6 headache ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.35 [0.24, 7.48]
21.7 libido ‐ decrease ‐ 4 weeks 1 41 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.21 [0.01, 4.11]
21.9 opthalmic changes ‐ 12 weeks 2 86 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.01 [0.15, 6.81]
21.10 ringing in ears ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.44 [0.35, 5.81]
21.11 skin problems ‐ rash ‐ 4 weeks 2 95 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.34 [0.09, 1.33]
21.12 skin problems ‐ rash ‐ 7 ‐ 26 weeks 4 184 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.20 [0.05, 0.77]
21.13 swelling of hands/face ‐ 4 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.67 [0.28, 1.61]
21.14 swelling of hands/face ‐ 26 weeks 1 30 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 5.0 [0.26, 96.13]
21.15 tingling sensation ‐ 6 weeks 1 54 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.65 [0.17, 2.44]
21.16 lactation ‐ 12 weeks 1 37 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.35 [0.02, 8.09]
21.17 sweating ‐ 72 hours 1 47 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.09 [0.20, 21.48]
21.18 sweating ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.30 [0.01, 7.09]
21.19 excitement ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 4.05 [0.96, 17.12]
21.20 depression ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.2 [0.48, 3.02]
21.21 lacrimation ‐12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.71 [0.12, 63.84]
21.22 breathlessness ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.71 [0.12, 63.84]
21.23 bulimia ‐ 12 weeks 1 57 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.71 [0.12, 63.84]
21.24 hypersalivation ‐ 8 weeks 1 60 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.0 [0.55, 7.27]