Fruensgaard 1977.

Methods	Allocation: randomised ‐ no further details. Blinding: double ‐ identical ampules. Duration: 72 hours ‐ preceded by 12 h washout (study continued for 4 weeks but not reported). Setting: single centre.
Participants	Diagnosis: acute schizophrenia (12), psychogenic psychosis (18). N=30. Age: mean ˜ 40 years, range 19‐65. Sex: 7 M, 23 F. Inclusion: healthy, not pregnant, no coexisting mental illness, mania or treatment with ECT in last 8 weeks. History: duration of present episode: <1week (14), 1 week‐1 month (13), >1month (3).
Interventions	1. Loxapine: dose 25‐50 mg/6‐12 hours IM, mean 130 mg/day IM. N=15. 2. Thiothixene: dose 2.5‐5 mg/6‐12 hours IM, mean 12 mg/day IM. N=15. Both given with biperiden. IM for first 24 hours, then oral. IM injections every 30 minutes as needed, until BPRS reduced or sedation occurred.
Outcomes	Global effect: CGI, sedation. Adverse effects: pain at injection site. Unable to use ‐ Mental state: BPRS (no SD), continued aggression (no usable data). Physiological measures: BP, pulse (no data).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear