Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort (N=144).
| Demographic Characteristic | Male (N=71) | Female (N=73) | P-valuea | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), Mean (SD) | 23.7 (1.21) | 23.7 (1.16) | 0.81 | 23.7 (1.18) |
| Education (years), Mean (SD) | 11.6 (2.44) | 11.7 (2.87) | 0.83 | 11.6 (2.66) |
| Employed or in school | 36.6% | 34.2% | 0.90 | 35.4% |
| Beck Depression Inventory > 13 | 14.1% | 12.3% | 0.95 | 13.2% |
| PAOFI Total Score: > 3 | 15.5% | 13.7% | 0.95 | 14.6% |
| GDS, Median (IQR) | 0.30 [0.09, 0.61] | 0.39 [0.17, 0.68] | 0.31 | 0.39 [0.13, 0.65] |
| HIV Characteristic | ||||
| AIDS | 43.7% | 45.2% | 0.99 | 44.4% |
| Estimated years with HIV from the date of infection, Mean (SD) | 23.0 (2.66), N=68 | 22.7 (2.76), N=68 | 0.55 | 22.9 (2.70) |
| Nadir CD4+ Count, Median (IQR) | 61 (15.5, 171) | 105 (35,168) 134 (138) | 0.20 | 83 (22,170) |
| Current CD4+ Count, Median (IQR) | 420 (162, 662) | 516 (347, 771) | 0.006** | 479 (259, 698) |
| CD4/CD8, Mean (SD) | 0.51 (0.40) | 0.83 (0.50) | <0.001*** | 0.67 (0.48) |
| Currently taking ART | 90.1% | 93.2% | 0.73 | 91.7% |
| Months on current ART regimen, Mean (SD) | 35.5 (31.5), N=64 | 31.2 (23.4), N=68 | 0.38 | 33.3 (27.6) |
| Detectable HIV viral load in plasma | 47.9% | 26.0% | 0.011* | 36.8% |
| Detectable HIV viral load in CSF | 13.3%, N=30 | 11.1%, N=27 | >0.99 | 12.3% |
| Years with detectable HIV RNA, Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | 5.6 (2.2,8.7) 5.7 (4.0) | 2.8 (0.7,5.9) 4.0 (3.6) | p=0.007** | 4.2 (1.4, 7.6) 4.8 (3.9) |
| Months of exposure to ARV medications, Mean (SD) | 119 (61.3) | 122 (51.8) | 0.72 | 121 (56.5) |
| Biomarker | ||||
| Plasma IFN-γ (log10) | 1.78 (0.70) N=44 | 1.73 (0.72) N=37 | 0.77 | 1.76 (0.71) |
| Plasma CXCL10 (log10) | 2.76 (0.37) N=47 | 2.65 (0.31) N=52 | 0.11 | 2.71 (0.34) |
| Plasma IL-6 (log10) | 0.37 (0.55) N=68 | 0.31 (0.53) N=62 | 0.55 | 0.34 (0.54) |
| Plasma TNF-α (log10) | 1.06 (0.68) N=64 | 0.93 (0.69) N=63 | 0.28 | 1.00 (0.68) |
| Plasma CCL2 (log10) | 1.96 (0.18) N=49 | 1.89 (0.21) N=51 | 0.07 | 1.92 (0.19) |
| Plasma CXCL8 (log10) | 0.57 (0.20) N=69 | 0.54 (0.26) N=73 | 0.52 | 0.56 (0.23) |
| CSF CXCL10 (log10) | 2.87 (0.48) N=24 | 2.71 (0.43) N=20 | 0.25 | 2.80 (0.46) |
| CSF IL-6 (log10) | 0.18 (0.16) N=21 | 0.25 (0.19) N=20 | 0.21 | 0.24 (0.27) |
| CSFTNF-α (log10)b | −0.33 (0.32) N=25 | −0.43 (0.26) N=21 | 0.27 | −0.37 (0.30) |
| CSF CCL2 (log10) | 2.53 (0.12) N=20 | 2.54 (0.16) N=21 | 0.86 | 2.54 (0.14) |
| CSF CXCL8 (log10) | 1.53 (0.17) N=29 | 1.56 (0.21) N=27 | 0.56 | 1.55 (0.19) |
Notes:
a
P-values are obtained using the two-sample t-test for numeric variables, chi-squared tests for categorical variables, and Fisher’s exact test for detectable HIV in CSF.
b
Negative log10 values reflect the mean raw biomarker values between 0 and 1.
*
P<0.05
**
P<0.01
***
P<0.001.
AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; GDS = global deficit score; IQR = interquartile range; PAOFI = Patient Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory; SD = standard deviation.