Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics of Dental Service Utilization (yes/no) for the Overall Sample, the U.S.-Born, and Foreign-Born: Average Prevalence Rate (%) of Dental Service Utilization for Categorical Variables; Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) for Continuous Variables.
| Overall Sample (N = 20,488) |
U.S.-Born (N = 17,661) |
Foreign-Born (N = 2,827) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Variables | (%)/Mean (SD) | (%)/Mean (SD) | (%)/Mean (SD) | p Value | |||
| Predisposing characteristics | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 77.0 | 23.0 | 76.8 | 23.2 | 79.7 | 20.3 | .0026 |
| Hispanics | 51.7 | 48.3 | 51.3 | 48.7 | 52.0 | 48.0 | |
| Black | 52.3 | 47.7 | 51.7 | 48.3 | 61.0 | 39.0 | |
| Other | 65.9 | 34.1 | 61.8 | 38.2 | 70.8 | 29.2 | |
| Age | 68 (10) | 67 (11) | 68 (10) | 68 (11) | 65 (10) | 65 (10) | <.0001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 66.9 | 33.1 | 68.3 | 31.7 | 57.8 | 42.2 | .0559 |
| Female | 71.8 | 28.2 | 72.8 | 27.2 | 64.7 | 35.3 | |
| Married/partnered | |||||||
| Yes | 73.3 | 26.7 | 74.9 | 25.1 | 63.0 | 37.0 | .0012 |
| No | 63.0 | 37.0 | 63.5 | 36.5 | 58.6 | 41.4 | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never smoked | 73.5 | 26.5 | 75.3 | 24.7 | 63.7 | 36.3 | .0031 |
| Past smoker | 51.9 | 48.1 | 52.2 | 47.8 | 49.4 | 50.6 | |
| Current smoker | 70.6 | 29.4 | 71.7 | 28.3 | 62.0 | 38.0 | |
| Enabling resources | |||||||
| Health insurance | |||||||
| No | 55.9 | 44.1 | 57.0 | 43.0 | 51.0 | 49.0 | .0444 |
| Yes | 79.2 | 20.8 | 79.5 | 20.5 | 76.0 | 24.0 | |
| Education | |||||||
| ≤High school | 59.6 | 40.4 | 60.8 | 39.2 | 53.2 | 46.8 | .0316 |
| ≥College | 79.9 | 20.1 | 80.3 | 19.7 | 75.8 | 24.2 | |
| Household income | |||||||
| 0–25 K | 51.0 | 49.0 | 51.8 | 48.2 | 48.0 | 52.0 | .0061 |
| 25–50 K | 68.2 | 31.8 | 69.1 | 30.9 | 61.6 | 38.4 | |
| 50–75 K | 77.5 | 22.5 | 77.9 | 22.1 | 74.3 | 25.7 | |
| 75–150 K | 84.4 | 15.6 | 84.7 | 15.3 | 81.5 | 18.5 | |
| 150 K+ | 90.4 | 9.6 | 90.6 | 9.4 | 89.3 | 10.7 | |
| Need factors | |||||||
| Follow-up edentulism | |||||||
| Yes | 44.7 | 55.3 | 45.1 | 54.9 | 42.4 | 57.6 | .1628 |
| No | 71.0 | 29.0 | 72.2 | 27.8 | 62.8 | 37.2 | |
| Self-rated health | 3.3 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.1) | 3.1 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.1) | .0572 |
| # of chronic conditions | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.5) | .3578 |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.5 (1.1) | .9399 |
| Activities of daily living | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.2) | .6343 |
Note. The total number of observations of U.S-born was 66,311 (with an average of 3.75 visits per participant) and the total number for foreign-born was 9,803 (with an average of 3.44 visits per participant), p Values were calculated by the interaction effect of birthplace and listed variables in the Poisson generalized linear mixed-effects models, that is, if dental service utilization differs by birth.