Table 3.
Prevalence Ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of Dental Services Use for the Whole Sample.
| Crude Model |
Multivariate Model |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | PR [95% CI] | p Value | PR [95% CI] | p Value |
| Predisposing characteristics | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (reference: White) | ||||
| Hispanics | 0.62 [0.61, 0.64] | <.0001 | 0.74 [0.72, 0.77] | <.0001 |
| Black | 0.63 [0.61, 0.64] | <.0001 | 0.73 [0.072, 0.075] | <.0001 |
| Other | 0.83 [0.078, 0.87] | <.0001 | 0.83 [0.79, 0.88] | <.0001 |
| Sex (reference: male) | ||||
| Female | 1.10 [1.08, 1.12] | <.0001 | 1.15 [1.13, 1.17] | <.0001 |
| Age polynomials | ||||
| Age | 0.91 [0.85, 0.97] | .0028 | 0.91 [0.85,0.96] | .0020 |
| Age2 | 1.002 [1.001, 1.003] | .0008 | 1.002 [1.001, 1.002] | .0006 |
| Age3 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | .0002 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | .0002 |
| Married/partnered (reference: yes) | ||||
| No | 0.87 [0.86, 0.88] | <.0001 | 0.99 [0.97, 1.00] | .1262 |
| Smoking status (reference: never smoked) | ||||
| Past smoker | 0.73 [0.71, 0.75] | <.0001 | 0.82 [0.80, 0.85] | <.0001 |
| Current smoker | 0.92 [0.90, 0.94] | <.0001 | 0.97 [0.95, 0.98] | .0003 |
| Birthplace (reference: U.S.-born) | ||||
| Foreign-born | 0.85 [0.83, 0.88] | <.0001 | 1.09 [1.06, 1.12] | <.0001 |
| Enabling resources | ||||
| Health insurance (reference: no) | ||||
| Yes | 1.25 [1.23, 1.26] | <.0001 | 1.15 [1.13, 1.16] | <.0001 |
| Education (reference: ≤high school) | ||||
| ≥College | 1.48 [1.45, 1.51] | <.0001 | 1.25 [1.22, 1.27] | <.0001 |
| Household income (reference: 0–25 K) | ||||
| 25–50 K | 1.22 [1.20, 1.24] | <.0001 | 1.13 [1.11, 1.15] | <.0001 |
| 50–75 K | 1.35 [1.32, 1.37] | <.0001 | 1.21 [1.18, 1.23] | <.0001 |
| 75–150 K | 1.44 [1.42, 1.47] | <.0001 | 1.25 [1.23, 1.28] | <.0001 |
| 150 K+ | 1.51 [1.48, 1.55] | <.0001 | 1.27 [1.24, 1.30] | <.0001 |
| Need factors | ||||
| Follow-up edentulism (reference: yes) | ||||
| No | 1.71 [1.63, 1.80] | <.0001 | 1.35 [1.29, 1.41] | <.0001 |
| Self-rated health | 1.09 [1.09, 1.10] | <.0001 | 1.04 [1.03, 1.05] | <.0001 |
| # of chronic conditions | 0.96 [0.95, 0.96] | <.0001 | 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] | .1296 |
| Instrumental activities of daily living (0–5) | 0.94 [0.93, 0.95] | <.0001 | 0.99 [0.98, 0.99] | .0014 |
| Activities of daily living (0–5) | 0.94 [0.93, 0.94] | <.0001 | 0.98 [0.97, 0.99] | <.0001 |
Note. (N = 20,488). PRs and 95% CIs were estimated from Poisson generalized linear mixed-effects models. Both crude and adjusted PRs were presented.