Table 4.

Prevalence Ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of Dental Service utilization for the U.S.-Born.

	Crude Model		Multivariate Model
Variables	PR [95% CI]	p Value	PR [95% CI]	p Value
Predisposing characteristics
Race/ethnicity (reference: White)
Hispanics	0.61 [0.58, 0.64]	<.0001	0.73 [0.70, 0.76]	<.0001
Black	0.61 [0.60, 0.63]	<.0001	0.73 [0.71,0.75]	<.0001
Other	0.76 [0.70, 0.82]	<.0001	0.85 [0.79, 0.91]	<.0001
Sex (reference: male)
Female	1.09 [1.07, 1.11]	<.0001	1.14 [1.12, 1.16]	<.0001
Age polynomials
Age	0.91 [0.85, 0.97]	.0066	0.90 [0.85, 0.97]	.0025
Age2	1.002 [1.001, 1.002]	.0023	1.002 [1.001, 1.003]	.0009
Age3	1.00 [1.00, 1.00]	.0006	1.00 [1.00, 1.00]	.0004
Married/partnered (reference: yes)
No	0.86 [0.84, 0.87]	<.0001	0.98 [0.97, 1.00]	.0699
Smoking status (reference: never smoked)
Past smoker	0.71 [0.69, 0.74]	<.0001	0.82 [0.80, 0.84]	<.0001
Current smoker	0.91 [0.89, 0.93]	<.0001	0.97 [0.95, 0.99]	<.0001
Enabling resources
Health insurance (reference: no)
Yes	1.39 [1.37, 1.42]	<.0001	1.15 [1.13, 1.16]	<.0001
Education (reference: ≤high school)
≥College	1.46 [1.43, 1.50]	<.0001	1.26 [1.23, 1.28]	<.0001
Household income (reference: 0–25 K)
25–50 K	1.22 [1.20, 1.24]	<.0001	1.14 [1.12, 1.15]	<.0001
50–75 K	1.33 [1.30, 1.36]	<.0001	1.20 [1.18, 1.23]	<.0001
75–150 K	1.42 [1.39, 1.45]	<.0001	1.25 [1.22, 1.27]	<.0001
150 K+	1.48 [1.45, 1.52]	<.0001	1.26 [1.23, 1.30]	<.0001
Need factors
Follow-up edentulism (reference: yes)
No	1.74 [1.64, 1.84]	<.0001	1.36 [1.30, 1.43]	<.0001
Self-rated health	1.09 [1.08, 1.09]	<.0001	1.04 [1.03, 1.04]	<.0001
# of chronic conditions	0.95 [0.95, 0.96]	<.0001	0.99 [0.99, 1.00]	.1077
Instrumental activities of daily living	0.94 [0.93, 0.95]	<.0001	0.99 [0.98, 1.00]	.0041
Activities of daily living	0.94 [0.93, 0.94]	<.0001	0.98 [0.97, 0.99]	<.0001

Note. (N = 17,661). PRs and 95 CIs were estimated from Poisson generalized linear mixed- effects models. Both crude and adjusted PRs were presented.