Fig. 5.

Human gingiva from periodontitis patients show activation of MDSC and express inflammatory chemokines. a NLRP3, 8-OHdG, cleaved-caspase 1, and IL-1β were detected in periodontitis specimens by IHC. (Bar represents 50 μm) b human CD33+ and CD11b+ MDSC subsets were detected by IHC (three healthy gingiva and 5–8 periodontitis specimens). The number of CD33+ or CD11b+ cells were increased in periodontitis (student’s t test; Bar represents 50 μm) c human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in vitro and were stimulated by E.coli LPS or P. gingivalis LPS for 24 h. CCL2, CCL5, CXCL5, and CXCL12 in cell supernatant were measured by ELISA. E.coli LPS and P. gingivalis LPS highly increased the secretion of CCL2, CCL5 compared with the control. The secretion of CXCL5 was merely increased by E.coli LPS. (n = 5; student’s t test, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001)