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. 2020 Feb 13;10:2544. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59290-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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E-liquid reduced cell viability of HMEECs in a dose-dependent manner. (A) HMEECs were treated with PG/VG, tobacco- and menthol-flavored e-liquids for 24 h in a various concentration of e-liquid (0.01 to 10%). The control group was not exposed to e-liquids. The cellular cytotoxicity was determined by cell counting assay in HMEECs. Cell viability was reduced by exposure to e-liquids in a dose-dependent manner. The multiple independent experiments were performed (n = 6) and the average IC₅₀ (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values were calculated using the ED₅₀ plus v 1.0 software and showed as mean ± SD (PG/VG: 4.5 ± 0.14, tobacco-flavored: 3.29 ± 0.49, and menthol-flavored: 1.45 ± 0.14). **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared to the corresponding control. (B) HMEEC morphology after exposure to the average IC₅₀ values of each e-liquid for 24 h (PG/VG: 4.5%, Tobacco: 3.3%, and Menthol: 1.5%). Vehicle control is untreated HMEECs. E-liquids-treated groups showed 50% cell death compared to the control group.