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. 2020 Feb 13;10:2544. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59290-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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E-liquids caused dysregulation of water channels in HMEECs. HMEECs were treated with PG/VG and flavored e-liquids at the IC₅₀ concentration for 24 h (PG/VG: 4.5%, Tobacco: 3.3%, and Menthol: 1.5%). Untreated cells were used as a control. Expression levels of genes related to water channels, such as AQP4 and ENaC family members, were specifically investigated as otitis media markers by quantitative real-time PCR. Tobacco- and menthol-flavored e-liquids significantly induced an increase in AQP4 expression and decrease in ENaC family gene expression compared to the control and PG/VG groups. All data were obtained from three independent experiments and the error bars indicate the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared to the corresponding control.