Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants: categorical variables
| Participants: observations (n in each activity category) | Inactive | Somewhat active | Moderately active | Active | p trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White British | ||||||
| Socioeconomic status | 3260: 3396 (1334/809/718/535) | |||||
| Least deprived most educated | 128 (9.6) | 126 (15.6) | 140 (19.5) | 117 (21.9) | ||
| Employed not materially deprived | 346 (25.9) | 294 (36.3) | 277 (38.6) | 180 (33.6) | ||
| Employed no access to money | 180 (13.5) | 146 (18.1) | 127 (17.7) | 81 (15.1) | ||
| Benefits but coping | 298 (22.3) | 128 (15.8) | 84 (11.7) | 72 (13.5) | ||
| Most deprived | 382 (28.6) | 115 (14.2) | 90 (12.5) | 85 (15.9) | <0.001 | |
| Parity | 3221: 3354 (1313/803/709/529) | |||||
| 0 | 569 (43.3) | 423 (52.7) | 355 (50.1) | 258 (48.8) | ||
| 1 | 422 (32.1) | 249 (31.0) | 230 (32.4) | 167 (31.6) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 322 (24.5) | 131 (16.3) | 124 (17.5) | 104 (19.7) | 0.001 | |
| Smoked in pregnancy or 3 months before | 3261: 3398 (1333/811/718/536) | 566 (42.5) | 256 (31.6) | 214 (29.8) | 159 (29.7) | <0.001 |
| Consumed alcohol in pregnancy or 3 months before | 3258: 3395 (1332/810/718/535) | 891 (66.9) | 524 (64.7) | 459 (63.9) | 354 (66.2) | 0.45 |
| Caffeine intake > 200 mg/day | 3257: 3391 (1329/811/715/536) | 326 (24.5) | 164 (20.2) | 128 (17.9) | 105 (19.6) | 0.001 |
| Sleep problems | 3225: 3358 (1298/811/716/533) | |||||
| No | 558 (43.0) | 356 (43.9) | 313 (43.7) | 228 (42.8) | ||
| Lost or broken sleep | 458 (35.3) | 297 (36.6) | 256 (35.8) | 190 (35.6) | ||
| Lost and broken sleep | 282 (21.7) | 158 (19.5) | 147 (20.5) | 115 (21.6) | 0.90 | |
| Using dietary supplements | 3262: 3399 (1333/812/718/536) | 361 (27.1) | 225 (27.7) | 242 (33.7) | 197 (36.8) | <0.001 |
| Feel well and able to enjoy normal daily activities | 3228: 3363 (1301/811/716/535) | |||||
| Yes | 717 (55.1) | 455 (56.1) | 407 (56.8) | 300 (56.1) | ||
| Somewhat | 362 (27.8) | 238 (29.3) | 211 (29.5) | 158 (29.5) | ||
| No | 222 (17.1) | 118 (14.6) | 98 (13.7) | 77 (14.4) | 0.28 | |
| Maternal family history of hypertension | 3090: 3215 (1261/769/681/504) | 282 (22.4) | 205 (26.7) | 169 (24.8) | 119 (23.6) | 0.41 |
| Maternal family history of diabetes | 3086: 3210 (1258/770/679/503) | 184 (14.6) | 109 (14.2) | 93 (13.7) | 65 (12.9) | 0.33 |
| Mode of delivery | 3263: 3400 (1334/812/718/536) | |||||
| Vaginal | 1058 (79.3) | 630 (77.6) | 549 (76.5) | 400 (74.6) | 0.020 | |
| Caesarean | 276 (20.7) | 182 (22.4) | 169 (23.5) | 136 (25.4) | ||
| Offspring sex | 3263: 3400 (1334/812/718/536) | |||||
| Male | 669 (50.1) | 425 (52.3) | 383 (53.3) | 279 (52.0) | 0.26 | |
| Female | 665 (49.9) | 387 (47.7) | 335 (46.7) | 257 (48.0) | ||
| Pakistani-origin | ||||||
| Socioeconomic status | 3652: 3898 (2875/541/245/237) | |||||
| Least deprived most educated | 462 (16.1) | 140 (25.9) | 71 (29.0) | 63 (26.6) | ||
| Employed not materially deprived | 139 (4.8) | 112 (20.7) | 62 (25.3) | 41 (17.3) | ||
| Employed no access to money | 418 (14.5) | 98 (18.1) | 35 (14.3) | 37 (15.6) | ||
| Benefits but coping | 1424 (49.5) | 154 (28.5) | 66 (26.9) | 72 (30.4) | ||
| Most deprived | 432 (15.0) | 37 (6.8) | 11 (4.5) | 24 (10.1) | <0.001 | |
| Parity | 3608: 3845 (2838/536/237/234) | |||||
| 0 | 831 (29.3) | 219 (40.9) | 98 (41.4) | 94 (40.2) | ||
| 1 | 752 (26.5) | 159 (29.7) | 69 (29.1) | 52 (22.2) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 1255 (44.2) | 158 (29.5) | 70 (29.5) | 88 (37.6) | <0.001 | |
| Smoked in pregnancy or 3 months before | 3650: 3895 (2870/543/245/237) | 89 (3.1) | 22 (4.1) | 18 (7.4) | 12 (5.1) | 0.002 |
|
Consumed alcohol in pregnancy or 3 months before |
3650: 3895 (2870/543/245/237) | 7 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0.16 |
| Caffeine intake > 200 mg/day | 3644: 3889 (2864/543/245/237) | 187 (6.5) | 30 (5.5) | 13 (5.3) | 24 (10.1) | 0.31 |
| Sleep problems | 3441: 3640 (2621/538/244/237) | |||||
| No | 1353 (51.6) | 272 (50.6) | 111 (45.5) | 116 (48.9) | ||
| Lost or broken sleep | 674 (25.7) | 121 (22.5) | 75 (30.7) | 58 (24.5) | ||
| Lost and broken sleep | 594 (22.7) | 145 (27.0) | 58 (23.8) | 63 (26.6) | 0.070 | |
| Using dietary supplements | 3645: 3890 (2866/543/245/236) | 1367 (47.7) | 271 (49.9) | 127 (51.8) | 111 (47.0) | 0.50 |
| Feel well and able to enjoy normal daily activities | 3438: 3636 (2618/538/244/236) | |||||
| Yes | 1346 (51.4) | 275 (51.1) | 121 (49.6) | 106 (44.9) | ||
| Somewhat | 895 (34.2) | 151 (28.1) | 79 (32.4) | 83 (35.2) | ||
| No | 377 (14.4) | 112 (20.8) | 44 (18.0) | 47 (19.9) | 0.012 | |
| Maternal family history of hypertension | 3454: 3672 (2704/515/227/226) | 797 (29.5) | 177 (34.4) | 83 (36.6) | 77 (34.1) | 0.007 |
| Maternal family history of diabetes | 3448: 3670 (2702/516/226/226) | 922 (34.1) | 226 (43.8) | 104 (46.0) | 95 (42.0) | <0.001 |
| Mode of delivery | 3658: 3904 (2879/543/245/237) | |||||
| Vaginal | 2328 (80.9) | 431 (79.4) | 174 (71.0) | 178 (75.1) | <0.001 | |
| Caesarean | 551 (19.1) | 112 (20.6) | 71 (29.0) | 59 (24.9) | ||
| Offspring sex | 3658: 3904 (2879/543/245/237) | |||||
| Male | 1452 (50.4) | 276 (50.8) | 129 (52.7) | 131 (55.3) | 0.15 | |
| Female | 1427 (49.6) | 267 (49.2) | 116 (47.3) | 106 (44.7) | ||
| Country of birth | 3569: 3807 (2811/530/236/230) | |||||
| Mother and partner born in Pakistan | 984 (35.0) | 106 (20.0) | 34 (14.4) | 43 (18.7) | ||
| Only partner born in UK | 878 (31.2) | 56 (10.6) | 25 (10.6) | 40 (17.4) | ||
| Only mother born in UK | 668 (23.8) | 246 (46.4) | 120 (50.8) | 98 (42.6) | ||
| Mother and partner born in UK | 281 (10.0) | 122 (23.0) | 57 (24.2) | 49 (21.3) | <0.001 |
Values are n (%). Bold font denotes significantly different values across physical activity categories (p trend < 0.05 from logistic regression analyses for 2-level categories and ordered logistic regression for > 2-level categories). In white British women, when adjusted for socioeconomic status p trend = 0.19 for mode of delivery, the results for Pakistani-origin women were unchanged