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. 2020 Feb 14;5:9. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-0106-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — In the glomerulus, endothelial cells mainly secrete FGF-2, HGF, and VEGF, mesangial cells secrete HGF, IGF-1, and PDGF-B, and podocytes are the major source of BMP-7. In renal tubules, growth factors are primarily expressed in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Fibroblasts express and secrete EGF and PDGF-B, and epithelial cells secrete TGF-β, VEGF, PDGF-B, HGF, and FGF-2. Specifically, BMP-7 is only detected in thick ascending limb and collecting duct epithelial cells. EGF is expressed in the proximal tubule, and IGFs are secreted in the collecting duct. Infiltrating inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, are the key source of HGF, TGF-β, and PDGF-B.