Table 5.

Improvements in Time Pressure (New Patient Visits) Related to Work Conditions, Aspects of Organizational Culture, and Clinician Outcomes

Metrics	Estimated means Improvement (n = 44)	Estimated means No improvementa (n = 75)	Effect sizeb	p > |z|	Effect size 95% confidence interval
Work conditions
Work control	2.14	2.21	− 0.160	0.423	− 0.553	0.232
Work pace (chaos)	3.51	3.67	− 0.243	0.329	− 0.731	0.245
Aspects of organizational culture
Quality emphasis	2.94	2.71	0.392	0.096	− 0.069	0.853
Cohesive workplace	2.97	2.82	0.260	0.264	− 0.196	0.716
Communication emphasis	3.16	3.10	0.119	0.640	− 0.382	0.622
Values alignment	2.40	2.11	0.486	0.026*	0.058	0.913
Trust in organization	2.85	2.85	− 0.008	0.968	− 0.425	0.408
Clinician outcomes
Satisfaction	3.92	3.64	0.451	0.063	− 0.024	0.926
Stress	3.26	3.51	− 0.317	0.190	− 0.791	0.156
Burnout	2.29	2.50	− 0.250	0.233	− 0.663	0.161
Intent to leave	2.02	2.38	− 0.317	0.212	− 0.815	0.180

*p < 0.05. ^aOf 75 clinicians with no improvement, 54 had no change and 21 experienced worse time pressure. ^bStandardized marginal mean difference. Forty-six subjects not included due to missing time pressure data at either time A or B