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. 2020 Feb 7;11:101. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00101

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Copyright © 2020 Barnes, Carter and Lewis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Map of sampling locations along urban-to-exurban gradient showing developed land cover (from low to high intensity) in gray and forest in green adapted from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) (2011) United States land cover dataset. Site code used throughout the manuscript is shown within the marker to identify each sampling location. Map in bottom-right corner locates New York State within the USA. Sites were classified as urban, suburban, or exurban based upon each site’s distance from Central Park in New York City, human population density, and GIS landcover analysis of percent-developed land within 5 miles of each study site.