Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Finnish male smokers by quintile of baseline serum alpha-tocopherol concentration in the ATBC Study
| Characteristics | Baseline serum alpha-tocopherol quintile |
P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 4623) | Q2 (n = 4571) | Q3 (n = 4413) | Q4 (n = 4590) | Q5 (n = 4584) | ||
| Age at blood collection, y | 57 (53–62) | 56 (53–61) | 56 (53–60) | 56 (53–60) | 56 (53–60) | <.001† |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 (22.8–28.0) | 25.7 (23.5–28.2) | 25.9 (23.7–28.3) | 26.1 (24.0–28.5) | 26.8 (24.7–29.2) | <.001† |
| Cigarettes per day | 20 (15–25) | 20 (15–25) | 20 (15–25) | 20 (15–25) | 20 (15–25) | <.001† |
| Years of cigarette smoking | 37 (32–42) | 36 (31–42) | 35 (30–40) | 36 (30–40) | 36 (30–40) | <.001† |
| History of diabetes, % | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.3 | <.001‡ |
| Serum nutrients at baseline | ||||||
| Serum alpha-tocopherol, mg/L | 8.4 (7.6–9.0) | 10.3 (9.9–10.6) | 11.6 (11.3–11.9) | 13.1 (12.7–13.6) | 15.9 (14.9–17.7) | <.001† |
| Serum retinol, µg/L | 545 (470–626) | 563 (492–643) | 578 (506–657) | 591 (518–672) | 621 (544–709) | <.001† |
| Serum beta-carotene, µg/L | 134 (85–201) | 168 (113–250) | 188 (127–280) | 203 (134–299) | 202 (131–315) | <.001† |
| Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.3 (4.7–5.8) | 5.8 (5.3–6.3) | 6.2 (5.7–6.8) | 6.6 (6.0–7.3) | 7.2 (6.5–7.9) | <.001† |
| Dietary intake per day | ||||||
| Total energy, kcal | 2626 (2174–3165) | 2652 (2199–3150) | 2640 (2199–3135) | 2588 (2151–3101) | 2549 (2127–3060) | <.001† |
| Fruit, g | 97 (49–161) | 104 (56–167) | 115 (61–178) | 117 (66–186) | 120 (67–191) | <.001† |
| Vegetables, g | 86 (54–132) | 95 (61–143) | 103 (67–152) | 107 (69–159) | 115 (77–167) | <.001† |
| Red meat, g | 64 (47–86) | 66 (49–88) | 66 (50–88) | 66 (49–88) | 65 (49–87) | .02† |
| Coffee intake, g | 550 (330–770) | 600 (440–770) | 600 (440–770) | 600 (440–770) | 550 (420–770) | .003† |
| Alcohol or ethanol, g | 12.0 (2.6–27.4) | 10.7 (2.3–25.2) | 10.6 (2.5–24.2) | 10.0 (2.4–23.7) | 10.7 (2.7–24.3) | <.001† |
| Total vitamin A, µg | 1579 (1094–2272) | 1656 (1145–2405) | 1649 (1145–2411) | 1667 (1127–2421) | 1646 (1109–2382) | <.001† |
| Vitamin C, mg | 87 (62–117) | 91 (67–121) | 95 (71–126) | 97 (72–130) | 99 (74–132) | <.001† |
| Total vitamin E, mg | 9.4 (7.3–12.1) | 10.4 (8.0–13.5) | 10.9 (8.4–14.3) | 11.4 (8.7–15.6) | 12.4 (9.3–17.1) | <.001† |
| Alpha-tocopherol, mg | 8.1 (6.3–10.3) | 8.8 (6.9–11.6) | 9.4 (7.3–12.2) | 9.8 (7.4–13.4) | 10.7 (8.0–14.8) | <.001† |
| Gamma-tocopherol, mg | 4.0 (2.2–7.2) | 5.1 (2.8–9.4) | 6.0 (3.3–10.7) | 6.8 (3.6–12.8) | 8.4 (4.4–14.9) | <.001† |
*
Median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. ANOVA = analysis of variance; ATBC = Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention; BMI = body mass index; Q = quintile.
†
P value based on ANOVA test (continuous variable).
‡
P value based on χ2 test (categorical variable).