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. 2020 Feb 7;8:46. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00046

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Copyright © 2020 Imai and Takahashi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of Laminaria Japonica kelp extracts on Mj hemocyte activation and defense against WSSV. (A) Heat extracts (HE) and Crude Laminarans (CL) extracted from Kelp are shown. (B) Yield rate of kelp extraction protocols. (C) Laminaran 3D model (H: white, O: red, C: gray). (D) Protocol for kelp extract feeding and chemotaxis assay. (E) Effect of kelp extract on chemotaxis toward fMLP after 0, 3 and 7 days of feeding. N = 6. ^∗∗P < 0.01. (F) Kelp extract was fed every day and Mj were water-bone challenged with WSSV on day 8. (G) Survival rates are shown. Data are pooled from two independent experiments with N = 20/group. ^∗∗P = 0.01 (ctrl vs. HE), ^∗P = 0.036 (ctrl vs. CL).