Table 4.
Mediterranean diet pattern, muscle mass and muscle strength.
| Author and Year of Publication | Study Design | Sample Size | Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kelaiditi, 2016, [137] | Cross-sectional study | 2570 women from the Twins UK study | Fat-free mass (%): 0.9 ± 0.4 P-trend = 0.012 for highest vs. lowest adherence to MD in women ≤ 50 years; 1.0 ± 0.4 P-trend = 0.008 for highest vs. lowest adherence to MD in women ≥ 50 years; Grip strength (kg): 0.3 ± 1.0 P-trend = 0.912 for highest vs. lowest adherence to MD in women ≤ 50 years; −0.1 ± 0.5 P-trend = 0.975 for highest vs. lowest adherence to MD in women ≥ 50 years; Leg explosive power (watts/kg): 7.4 ± 3.2 P-trend = 0.010 for highest vs. lowest adherence to MD in women ≤ 50 years; 9.5 ± 3.0 P-trend = 0.005 for highest vs. lowest adherence to MD in women ≥ 50 years |
| Huang, 2016, [138] | Cross-sectional study | 327 community-dwelling elderly people | Odds ratios for total protein and vegetable protein density for Low Muscle Mass (LMM): OR = 3.11 (95% CI: 1.42–6.84, p = 0.005) for lowest vs. highest total protein density intake; OR = 2.50 (95% CI: 1.22–5.10, p = 0.012) for lowest vs. highest vegetable protein density intake; Adjusted least square (LS) means for LMM vs. normal groups: 14.5 vs. 15.5, p = 0.008 for total protein density intake; 7.0 vs. 8.2, p = 0.002 for vegetable protein density intake |
| Ter Borg, 2016, [139] | Cross-sectional study | 227 community-dwelling adults aged over 65 years from the Maastricht Sarcopenia Study | Mean(SD) of daily dietary and supplement intake of nutrients for sarcopenic vs. nonsarcopenic subjects: Protein (g): 68 (22) vs. 74 (20), p = 0.048; N-3 fatty acids (g): 1.7 (0.7) vs. 2.1 (0.8), p = 0.005; ALA, 18:3n-3 (g): 1.47 (0.59) vs. 1.73 (0.72), p = 0.018; Folic acid equivalents (g): 312 (160) vs. 375 (167), p = 0.016 Magnesium (mg): 305 (132) vs. 350 (125), p = 0.024; Mean(SD) of biochemical nutrient levels for sarcopenic vs. nonsarcopenic subjects: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/l): 56.2 (31.3) vs. 70.1 (30.3), p = 0.004; EPA, 20:5n-3(%): 0.79 (0.27) vs. 0.94 (0.38), p = 0.007; LA, 18:2n-6, %: 10.6 (1.6) vs. 9.9 (1.6), p = 0.016; Homocysteine, mmol/l: 12.1 (4.2) vs. 15.2 (7.9), p < 0.001 |
| Verlaan, 2017, [140] | Matched case-control observational study | 66 sarcopenic older adults vs. 66 non-sarcopenic older adults from the PROVIDE Study | Mean (SD) of daily dietary nutrient intakes for sarcopenic vs. nonsarcopenic subjects: Protein (g): 72.5 (19.6) vs. 75.3 (20.7), p = 0.359; Protein (g/kg): 0.99 (0.24) vs. 1.0 9 (0.29), p = 0.044 Carbohydrate (g): 212 (61) vs. 208 (76), p = 0.906; Total Fat (g): 63.3 (19.0) vs. 65.8 (22.1), p = 0.403; Vitamin B-12 (g): 3.9 (2.6) vs. 5.3 (3.6), p = 0.011 Vitamin D (mg): 2.6 (2.1) vs. 4.0 (3.4), p = 0.007 Magnesium (mg): 260 (96) vs. 295 (86), p = 0.015; Phosphorus (mg): 1196 (330) vs. 1325 (338), p = 0.014 Selenium (mg): 39.1 (17.1) vs. 46.5 (21.2), p = 0.039 |
| Barrea, 2019, [141] | Cross-sectional observational study | 84 not hospitalized elderly women from the PERSSILAA project | Daily nutrients (SD, range) intake of participants according the HGS cut-point: Protein (%): 12.24 (2.04) for HGS < 20 Kg vs. 14.75 (1.45) for HGS > 20 Kg, p < 0.001; Carbohydrate (%): 55.1 (range 50.91–60.00) for HGS < 20 Kg vs. 56.00 (range 51.00–61.90) for HGS > 20 Kg, p < 0.001; Total Fat (%): 32.34 (3.38) for HGS < 20 Kg vs. 29.50 (3.27) for HGS > 20 Kg, p < 0.001; Unsaturated Fat (%): 20.98 (3.96) for HGS < 20 Kg vs. 22.83 (3.05) for HGS > 20 Kg, p = 0.018; N-3 PUFA (g/day): 4.28 (2.85) for HGS < 20 Kg vs. 5.54 (2.42) for HGS > 20 Kg, p = 0.031; Cholesterol (mg/day): 332.42 (34.91) for HGS < 20 Kg vs. 309.78 (38.24) for HGS > 20 Kg, p = 0.006; Association of adherence to MD with the HGS, after adjusting for BMI: Low adherence to MD: OR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.61–0.86), p < 0.001; Average adherence to MD: OR = 1.02 (95% CI: 0.95–1.09), p = 0.611 High adherence to MD: OR = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.04–1.25), p = 0.003 |