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. 2019 Dec 26;12(1):66. doi: 10.3390/nu12010066

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Betulin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis of metastatic colorectal cancer cells via MAPK signaling pathways. Apoptosis of CT26 and HCT116 cells by betulin as detected by TUNEL assay (A) and Annexin V assay (B). Percentages of apoptotic cells in betulin-treated CT26 (C) and HCT116 (D) cells. Apoptotic proteins in betulin-treated CT26 (E) and HCT116 (F) cells. Phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in CT26 (G) and HCT116 (H) cells with betulin treatment. Images represent three independent experiments. Data are means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05.