Figure 7.

Betulin decreases lung metastasis of CT26 cells through cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis by regulating AMPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and MAPK signaling pathways. (A) Lung metastasis of CT26 cells was photographed at 14 days after inoculation. Images represent three independent experiments. (B) Number of nodules. (C) AMPK phosphorylation and expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4. (D) The level of autophagy-associated proteins. (E) Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in lung tissues as measured by western blot analysis. (F) The expression levels of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38. Data are means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05.