Table 1.

Comparisons between different magnetoresistive biosensors.

MR Sensor	Magnetic Label	Assay Time	Target Analyte	Limit of Detection (LoD)	Matrices	References
AMR	50 nm Fe3O4	NA	Fe3O4 MNP	0.56 µemu	NA	[120]
AMR	1 μm Fe3O4	3 h	ssDNA	4.5 pM	HCl, EDTA, NaCl buffer	[119]
AMR	4.3 μm NiFe	NA	NiFe Microbead	Single particle	NA	[97]
GMR	50 nm Fe3O4	NA	ssDNA	0.1 pM	Saline sodium citrate	[125]
GMR	50 nm Fe3O4	1 h	Influenza A virus	0.3 nM	Swine Nasal Swab Sample	[21]
GMR	50 nm Fe3O4	2 h	Ovarian cancer biomarkers	7.4 pg/mL	PBS	[18]
GMR	50 nm Fe3O4	3 min	LamB gene of E-Coli	4 pM	Borate buffer	[122]
GMR	0.35 μm Fe3O4	12 h	ssDNA	10 ng/μL	35% formamide solution	[121]
TMR	16 and 50 nm Fe3O4	2 h	ssDNA	2.5 μM	PBS	[129]
TMR	20 nm Fe3O4	NA	AFP antigens	0.002 mg/mL	PBS	[114]
TMR	16 nm Fe3O4	NA	ssDNA	100 nM	DI water	[127]