Table 2.
Comparison of outcome measures in a baseline assessment.
| Variable | All (n = 89) | Exercise (n = 30) | Horticulture (n = 30) | Control (n = 29) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | ||||
| GDS-15, score | 6.9 (2.4) | 7.0 (2.4) | 7.0 (2.4) | 6.6 (2.5) |
| Logical memory (immediately), score | 16.8 (6.5) | 16.3 (6.9) | 16.6 (6.8) | 17.6 (5.9) |
| Logical memory (delay), score | 12.0 (6.3) | 12.5 (6.3) | 11.3 (5.7) | 12.1 (7.0) |
| Word list memory (immediately), score | 8.0 (1.4) | 8.1 (1.2) | 8.1 (1.2) | 8.1 (1.5) |
| Word list memory (delay), score | 5.0 (2.1) | 5.4 (2.0) | 4.3 (2.0) | 5.2 (2.2) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Verbal fluency (animal), score | 15.3 (4.6) | 16.1 (4.3) | 14.8 (5.3) | 15.0 (4.2) |
| Verbal fluency (letter), score | 20.6 (8.0) | 20.6 (7.2) | 20.8 (9.0) | 20.4 (8.0) |
| TMT-A, s | 20.7 (5.3) | 20.2 (5.1) | 22.2 (6.4) | 19.8 (3.9) |
| TMT-B, s | 40.3 (20.7) | 36.5 (21.5) | 48.6 (24.4) | 36.0 (12.6) |
| SDST, score | 62.7 (11.9) | 65.0 (10.8) | 58.3 (13.3) | 64.7 (10.5) |
| SF-12, physical health (score), score | 46.2 (12.0) | 43.5 (15.4) | 49.3 (9.6) | 45.7 (9.8) |
| SF-12, mental health (score), score | 50.9 (7.1) | 49.5 (7.9) | 50.8 (7.0) | 52.4 (6.2) |
| SF-12, social health (score), score | 47.2 (10.9) | 48.4 (12.5) | 47.4 (10.2) | 45.7 (10.1) |
| MTA-ERC atrophy, z-score | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.4) |
| WBC atrophy, % | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.8 (1.3) | 2.2 (2.1) | 2.0 (1.4) |
| Serum BDNF level, ng/dL | 18.64 (8.35) | 18.82 (8.06) | 18.01 (8.34) | 19.12 (8.87) |
| Other outcomes | ||||
| Grip strength, kg | 27.4 (7.9) | 26.7 (7.1) | 27.8 (7.7) | 27.8 (9.1) |
| Walking speed, m/s | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) |
| Two-minute walking test, m | 149.1 (22.6) | 147.1 (19.6) | 144.6 (25.8) | 155.7 (21.1) |
| LSNS-6, score | 15.3 (5.4) | 14.9 (5.8) | 16.2 (5.6) | 14.8 (4.6) |
| LSA, score | 85.9 (17.4) | 80.9 (16.7) | 86.6 (17.8) | 90.4 (16.9) |
| Daily steps, steps/day | 5569.1 (2614.7) | 5311.5 (2460.6) | 5795.2 (3235.7) | 5601.6 (2060.5) |
| Moderate physical activity, min/day | 48.2 (30.1) | 47.2 (31.4) | 49.7 (36.2) | 47.8 (21.6) |
Data are n (%) and mean (SD). s = second; m = meter; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; TMT = trail-making test; SDST = symbol digit substitution test; SF-12 = Short-Form Health Survey-12; MTA-ERC = bilateral medial temporal areas including the entorhinal cortex; WBC = whole brain cortices; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; LSNS = Lubben Social Network Scale; LSA = life-space assessment.