Table 5.
Mean changes in secondary outcome measures.
| Post-Intervention Mean, Mean Change from Pre-Intervention | One-Year Follow-Up Mean, Mean Change from Pre-Intervention | |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise | n = 27 | n = 23 |
| Verbal fluency (animal), score | 16.3 (5.9), −0.2 (4.9) | 15.6 (6.3), −1.2 (5.5) |
| TMT-A, s | 19.2 (4.7), −1.1 (3.5) | 20.4 (5.7), 0.1 (3.4) |
| TMT-B, s | 33.0 (11.1), −3.2 (20.2) | 35.8 (14.9), −0.4 (20.3) |
| SF-12, physical health (score), score | 47.9 (10.3), 5.5 (12.7) | 45.3 (14.4), −3.3 (17.3) |
| SF-12, mental health (score), score | 50.3 (7.1), 0.6 (7.5) | 49.2 (9.4), 0.3 (9.8) |
| SF-12, social health (score), score | 47.2 (10.3), −0.7 (12.3) | 46.4 (10.9), 1.3 (14.3) |
| MTA-ERC atrophy, z-score | 0.6 (0.4), 0.0 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.4), 0.1 (0.1) |
| WBC atrophy, % | 1.8 (1.3), 0.0 (0.2) | 2.1 (1.6), 0.3 (0.5) |
| Serum BDNF level, ng/dL | 16.03 (8.14), −3.31 (9.62) | 18.24 (10.67), −1.32 (13.08) |
| Horticultural activity | n = 26 | n = 20 |
| Verbal fluency (animal), score | 14.9 (4.9), 0.5 (3.4) | 14.2 (6.2), −0.1 (3.3) |
| TMT-A, s | 21.5 (6.1), −1.2 (5.5) | 23.4 (8.9), 0.6 (7.7) |
| TMT-B, s | 42.0 (25.1), −8.2 (23.0) | 55.4 (63.6), 3.0 (50.9) |
| SF-12, physical health (score), score | 47.6 (9.5), −1.4 (8.4) | 45.0 (9.4), 2.2 (9.0) |
| SF-12, mental health (score), score | 51.9 (7.7), 0.4 (10.7) | 55.0 (6.2), −2.5 (7.9) |
| SF-12, social health (score), score | 43.7 (13.1), −2.9 (11.0) | 42.3 (12.1), 5.6 (10.1) |
| MTA-ERC atrophy, z-score | 0.7 (0.6), 0.0 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.7), 0.0 (0.1) |
| WBC atrophy, % | 2.3 (2.2), −0.0 (0.2) | 2.6 (2.7), 0.1 (0.3) |
| Serum BDNF level, ng/dL | 15.85 (9.00), −1.14 (11.27) | 17.99 (12.15), 1.16 (10.34) |
| Control | n = 28 | n = 24 |
| Verbal fluency (animal), score | 14.9 (3.8), −0.3 (3.9) | 15.2 (3.7), −0.1 (3.2) |
| TMT-A, s | 20.0 (6.4), 0.2 (3.8) | 20.4 (7.8), 1.3 (6.3) |
| TMT-B, s | 37.9 (15.4), 3.0 (11.0) | 36.1 (15.2), 0.6 (10.1) |
| SF-12, physical health (score), score | 47.4 (9.2), 1.7 (10.4) | 47.1 (8.2), −1.8 (10.9) |
| SF-12, mental health (score), score | 50.1 (7.5), −2.1 (7.3) | 51.5 (5.8), 0.4 (6.9) |
| SF-12, social health (score), score | 42.6 (13.2), −2.3 (12.3) | 43.0 (10.1), 3.5 (10.3) |
| MTA-ERC atrophy, z-score | 0.8 (0.4), 0.0 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.3), 0.0 (0.1) |
| WBC atrophy, % | 1.9 (1.0), 0.1 (0.3) | 1.8 (1.0), 0.1 (0.3) |
| Serum BDNF level, ng/dL | 14.78 (7.00), −4.04 (11.77) | 17.88 (11.68), −0.67 (14.30) |
Data are mean (SD). s = second; TMT = trail-making test; SDST = symbol digit substitution test; SF-12 = Short-Form Health Survey-12; MTA-ERC = bilateral medial temporal areas including the entorhinal cortex; WBC = whole brain cortices; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor.