Table 3.

Effects of curcumin: in vitro muscle cell studies.

Cell	Curcumin Concentration/Duration	Effect	Reference
C2C12 cells	40 µM; 1 h	↑ Glucose uptake ↑ GLUT4 translocation ↑ Phospho-AMPK ↑ Phospho-ACC ↑ Insulin-induced phospho-Akt	[97]
C2C12 cells	20 µM; 2 h	↑ Glucose uptake ↓ Phospho-IRS-1 ↓ Phospho-ACC ↑ Phospho-Akt ↑ Phospho-ERK1/2 ↑ Phospho-p38	[98]
C2 murine myoblasts	50 µM; 24 h	↑ Apoptosis ↓ Cell viability ↑ PARP fragmentation ↑ Phospho-JNK	[99]
C2C12 cells	10 µM; 24 h	↓ Protein degradation ↓ Chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity ↑ Protein synthesis ↑ Myotube diameter	[100]
C2C12 cells	40 µM; 1 h	↓ Inflammation ↓ IL-6 mRNA and levels ↓ TNF-α mRNA and levels ↓ Phospho-IKKα-IKKβ ↓ Phospho-JNK ↓ ROS production	[101]
L6myc skeletal muscle cells	25 µM; 16 h	↑ GLUT4 translocation ↑ Phospho-Akt ↑ Phospho-GSK-3β ↓ TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels ↑ IL-10 levels	[102]