Table 4.

Effects of curcumin: in vitro pancreatic cell studies.

Cell	Curcumin Concentration/Duration	Effect	Reference
Sprague–Dawley rat pancreatic islets	10 µM; 30 min	↑ Insulin release ↑ Volume-regulated anion channel opening ↑ Depolarization ↑ Electrical activity	[103]
MIN6 cells and BALB/c mouse pancreatic islets	20 µM; 24 h	↓ Pancreatic cell death ↑ HO-1 mRNA and promoter ↑ GCLM mRNA ↑ NQO1 mRNA ↑ Nrf2 nuclear translocation	[104]
C57/BL6J mice pancreatic islets	10 µM; 24 h	↑ Islet viability ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ ROS production ↓ MDA levels ↑ SOD levels ↓ Peroxynitrite levels ↓ NO levels ↓ Activated PARP	[105]
Swiss albino mice pancreatic cells	10 µM; 24 h	↑ Islet recovery ↑ Glucose responsiveness ↑ Insulin secretion ↑ Morphology ↓ ROS production ↑ Hsp70 level ↑ HO-1 level	[106]
C57/BL6J mice pancreatic islets	10 µM; 24 h	↓ Islet death and dysfunction ↑ Insulin mRNA and level ↓ ROS production ↓ NF-κB translocation ↓ Phospho-IκBα	[107]
Human isolated islets	40 µM; 24 h	↑ Insulin secretion ↑ HO-1 ↑ NQO1 ↑ GCLM	[108]
Rat pancreatic cells	10 mM; 4 h	↑ Insulin secretion ↑ HO-1 mRNA and activity	[109]
β-Min6 and HP62 β-cells	100 pM; 2 h	↑ Insulin secretion ↑ cAMP levels ↓ Pde3b, Pde8a and Pde10a mRNA ↓ PDE activity	[110]
INS-1 cells	15 µM; 24 h	↑ Insulin secretion ↑ Insulin mRNA ↑ GLUT2 ↑ Phospho-IRS1, PI3Kp85, AKT protein ↑ PI3K/IRS-1 association ↑ PDX-1 protein ↑ GCK protein	[111]
Wistar rat pancreatic islets	20 µM; 24 h	↑ Cell viability ↑ GLUT2 ↓ Nuclear NF-κB ↑ Phospho-PI3Kp85 ↑ Phospho-Akt ↑ Phospho-GSK3β ↑ Nuclear Nrf-2 ↑ HO-1 ↓ NO production ↓ Cleaved caspase-12, -3, -8 and -9 ↑ Bcl-2 ↓ Bax	[112]
MIN6 cells	10 µM; 24 h	↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Apoptosis ↓ Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity ↑ Bcl-2/Bax ratio ↓ MDA protein ↑ SOD, catalase, GPx and glutathione activities ↑ Phospho-Akt ↑ Phospho-FoxO1	[113]
INS-1 cells	10:3 weight ratio (22 mg/L); 24 h	↑ Curcumin cellular uptake ↑ Cell viability ↓ Apoptosis ↓ ROS production	[114]
Balb/c mice pancreatic islet cells	12.5 µM; 24 h	↑ Insulin secretion ↑ Glutathione levels ↑ NO production ↓ Apoptosis ↓ Active caspase 3 ↓ Active caspase 9 ↓ Bax protein ↑ Bcl-2 protein	[115]
MIN6 cells	20 µM; 24 h	↑ Cell viability ↓ Ferroptosis ↓ Iron levels ↑ Glutathione levels ↓ GPX4 degradation ↓ Lipid peroxidation	[116]