Table 3.
Intake of selected vitamins, minerals, and trace elements by gender and to the time in WFPB lifestyle program: short (0.5–<2 years), medium (2–<5 years), and long-term (5–10 years) (groups (1, 2 and 3)).
| Group 1 (n = 51) | Group 2 (n = 56) | Group 3 (n = 44) | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micronutrients (Per Day) | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | F/M |
| Vitamins | |||||||
| Thiamine (mg) | 2.7 (1.1) | 3.1 (2.7, 3.7) | 2.8 (0.8) | 3.5 (2.9, 3.7) | 3.2 (2.1) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.9) | 0.199/0.460 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.8, 3.3) | 3.1 (1.6) | 2.4 (2.1, 3.7) | 3.5 (2.2) | 2.2 (2.0, 4.6) | 0.083/0.676 |
| Niacin (mg) | 28 (8) | 34 (26, 36) | 30 (7) | 33 (28, 39) | 31 (10) | 34 (31, 45) | 0.286/0.787 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 10 (3) | 12 (10, 12) | 11 (3) | 12 (10, 15) | 11 (4) | 13 (11, 15) | 0.381/0.676 |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) (mg) | 3.7 (1.2) | 4.7 (3.4, 5.0) | 3.7 (1.0) | 4.5 (3.4, 5.4) | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.9 (3.9, 5.5) | 0.141/0.857 |
| Biotin (µg) | 93 (33) | 106 (84, 127) | 98 (37) | 96 (74, 126) | 111 (48) | 116 (86, 134) | 0.169/0.897 |
| Folate (µg folate equivalent) | 757 (215) | 925 (705, 1033) | 761 (210) | 887 (810, 1199) | 772 (219) | 798 (729, 1016) | 0.959/0.570 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 218 (270) | 287 (4, 361) | 230 (319) | 288 (144, 430) | 304 (375) | 288 (287, 289) | 0.501/0.370 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 346 (230) | 331 (247, 431) | 322 (97) | 279 (261, 410) | 336 (154) | 319 (248, 413) | 0.822/0.891 |
| Retinol equivalents re (mg) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.9 (3.1, 4.8) | 3.4 (1.6) | 3.6 (3.1, 4.4) | 3.8 (2.9) | 4.6 (2.8, 5.4) | 0.726/0.690 |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 8.4 (5.9) | 5.9 (3.8, 10.2) | 13.1 (14.4) | 5.4 (4.1, 8.0) | 12.9 (8.8) | 7.7 (4.8, 12.3) | 0.118/0.496 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 26 (12) | 29 (20, 33) | 28 (10) | 22 (21, 25) | 30 (14) | 29 (24, 36) | 0.462/0.582 |
| Minerals | |||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 1012 (313) | 1155 (887, 1401) | 991 (213) | 1173 (1021, 1475) | 1054 (361) | 1235 (981, 1531) | 0.659/0.754 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 902 (311) | 987 (835, 1220) | 801 (223) | 883 (804, 1287) | 819 (351) | 1086 (833, 1145) | 0.294/0.914 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1714 (434) | 2189 (1720, 2489) | 1623 (402) | 2201 (1889, 2542) | 1662 (404) | 2382 (1792, 2556) | 0.632/0.762 |
| Potassium (mg) | 4759 (1232) | 6177 (4074, 6605) | 4329 (1220) | 6235 (5229, 6835) | 4635 (1394) | 5968 (5120, 6845) | 0.309/0.761 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1956 (921) | 2160 (1563, 3260) | 2013 (1054) | 1729 (1492, 2366) | 1875 (779) | 1945 (1806, 2684) | 0.824/0.558 |
| Chloride (mg) | 3181 (1423) | 3580 (2703, 4890) | 3208 (1664) | 2781 (2597, 4024) | 3070 (1193) | 3179 (2876, 4748) | 0.918/0.500 |
| Trace Elements | |||||||
| Iron (mg) | 38 (31) | 40 (32, 46) | 33 (7) | 38 (36, 46) | 34 (10) | 40 (36, 42) | 0.528/0.984 |
| Copper (mg) | 3.8 (1.0) | 5.2 (4.1, 5.9) | 3.7 (1.1) | 4.3 (3.1, 5.4) | 3.8 (1.1) | 4.9 (4.1, 5.8) | 0.831/0.679 |
| Iodine (µg) | 215 (75) | 238 (165, 290) | 234 (69) | 238 (198, 282) | 243 (82) | 253 (196, 312) | 0.295/0.717 |
| Zinc (mg) | 19 (6) | 24 (18, 26) | 19 (4) | 21 (19, 24) | 19 (6) | 24 (21, 27) | 0.897/0.819 |
| Chrome (µg) | 82 (27) | 77 (53, 104) | 77 (28) | 77 (50, 110) | 82 (38) | 74 (49, 81) | 0.743/0.711 |
| Molybdenum (µg) | 106 (80) | 68 (48, 115) | 86 (51) | 86 (39, 125) | 90 (56) | 58 (42, 100) | 0.363/0.780 |
| Selenium (µg) | 110 (49) | 127 (119, 150) | 114 (43) | 117 (85, 147) | 111 (41) | 120 (107, 136) | 0.931/0.538 |
The female groups: mean (standard deviation). The male groups: median (Q1, Q3). re Retinol equivalents = vitamin A + α-carotene (1 mg retinol equivalent = 12 mg α-carotene) + β-carotene (1 mg retinol equivalent = 6 mg β-carotene) + γ-carotene (1 mg retinol equivalent = 12 mg γ-carotene). One-way ANOVA was used for comparing females across groups. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for comparing males across groups.