Table 4.
Intake of food groups among participants in WFPB lifestyle program, and comparison with two studies on PB dieters.
| Country | Slovenia (Present Study) | Finland [16] | France [66] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year of Publication | 2019 | 2016 | 2017 | |||
| Food Groups (g Per Day) | Whole Sample (n = 151) | Females (n = 109) | Males (n = 42) | p-Values | Whole Sample (n = 22) | Whole Sample (n = 789) |
| Foods of Vegetable Origin | F vs. M | |||||
| Vegetables (unprocessed) | 455 (190) | 433 (175) | 510 (219) | 0.040 | 277 | 366.2 |
| Fruits (unprocessed) | 363 (187) | 358 (179) | 377 (209) | 0.618 | 254 | 364 |
| Grain and products | 178 (114) | 147 (90) | 257 (131) | <0.001 | 248 a | 232 c |
| Legumes | 166 (115) | 143 (94) | 226 (140) | <0.001 | 156 b | 73.2 |
| Potatoes | 140 (123) | 130 (115) | 165 (139) | 0.217 | 151 | 58 |
| Nuts and seeds | 52 (46) | 44 (29) | 74 (69) | 0.042 | 11 | 52.6 d |
| Bread and bakery products | 43 (50) | 40 (43) | 50 (64) | 0.896 | - | - |
| PB Meal replacement | 43 (72) | 48 (79) | 28 (50) | 0.145 | - | - |
| Spices and herbs | 32 (40) | 35 (44) | 24 (24) | 0.054 | - | - |
| Fruits (processed) | 20 (33) | 18 (27) | 25 (44) | 0.687 | 137 f | - |
| Pasta | 17 (35) | 12 (25) | 29 (50) | 0.163 | 25 | - |
| Fast food and ready meals | 6 (34) | 4 (18) | 12 (58) | 0.505 | - | - |
| Vegetables (processed) | 5 (23) | 5 (24) | 4 (20) | 0.860 | - | - |
| Sweet products | 3 (11) | 3 (13) | 1 (4) | 0.577 | 20 | 108.3 e |
| Alcohol drinks | 1 (12) | 2 (14) | 0.0 | 0.279 | - | 88.8 |
| Vegetable oil and fat | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 2 (5) | 0.409 | 51 h | 14.5 |
| Sweeteners | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0.2 (1.1) | 0.524 | - | - |
| Foods of Animal Origin | ||||||
| Sea fish and products | 3 (18) | 2 (13) | 6 (26) | 0.359 | 0 | 12.8 |
| Red meat | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.3 (2.3) | 1.4 (9.2) | 0.817 | 0 | 18.3 |
| White meat | 0.5 (5.3) | 0.7 (5.5) | 0.0 | 0.378 | 0 | - |
| Meat product | 0.2 (2.3) | 0.3 (2.7) | 0.0 | 0.378 | 0 | 5.8 |
| Dairy products | 0.1 (3) | 0.5 (3.4) | 0.3 (2.1) | 0.703 | 7 g | 45 |
| Milk | 0.1 (1.6) | 0.2 (1.9) | 0.0 | 0.535 | 59 g | - |
| Eggs and products | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | NaN | - | 5.4 |
| Animal fats | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | NaN | - | 9.5 |
Data are means (standard deviation). NaN = not a number. A T-test was used to compare differences between genders. a Combined rye flour products (84 g/day), whole grain (139 g/day) and rice (25 g/day). b Combined legumes (81 g/day), tofu and soy flour (68 g/day) and soybeans (7 g/day). c Combined quinoa, corn, and other cereals group (27.3 g/day), refined cereals and starchy foods group (122.9 g/day) and whole starch food group (83.4 g/day). d Combined uncooked cereals and seed group (13 g/day), nuts group (19.6 g/day) and germinated seeds group (20 g/day). e Combined cookies and diet biscuit enriched with cereals group (6.4 g/day), salty snacks and biscuits group (8.1 g/day) and sweet and fatty foods (93.8 g/day). f Processed fruits include fruit and berry juices group (103 and 34 g/day). g Included soy beverages, soy yoghurt, and groats. h Vegetable fat included margarine, oils and other fats (dressing and mayonnaise).