Table 1b.
Characteristics of Postnatal Studies.
| Author, Year, Country | Study Design | Indigenous Group (n) | Comparison Group(s), (n) | Mental Health Outcomes | Time Point | Measure(s) | Effect Estimates: Indigenous vs. Comparison | Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu et al., 2018, United States47 | Prospective cohort | Asian/Pacific Islander (463) | White (838), Hispanic (985), Black (724) | Postnatal depression | 3.9 months postpartum (average) | PRAMS-3D | 16.8% vs. 16.8% | Low |
| Liu et al., 2016, United States44 | Prospective cohort | Asian/Pacific Islander (516) | White (799), Hispanic (596), Black (464) | Postnatal depression | 9.3 weeks postpartum (average) | Two items from PHQ (depression and loss of interest) | 7.6% vs. 9.5% | Low |
| Abbott and Williams, 2006, New Zealand36 | Prospective cohort | Samoan (646), Tongan (285), Cook Islands Maori (227), Niuean (59), Other Pacific (47) | Non-Pacific (99) | Postnatal depression | 6 weeks postpartum | EPDS (≥13) | 16.1% vs. 21.2% | Low |
| Hayes et al., 2010, United States 45 | Prospective cohort | Hawaiian (1,549), Other Pacific Islander (278), Samoan (165) | Filipino (1,394), White (1,345), Japanese (830), Chinese (775), Korean (340), Black (147), Hispanic (117), Other Asian (110), Other (101) | Postnatal depression | Early postpartum | Two items from PHQ (depression and loss of interest) | 47.2% vs. 44.1% | High |
| Roberson et al., 2016, United States46 | Prospective cohort | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (20,851) | White (12,813), Filipina (9,922), Japanese (5,191), Other Asian (4,034), Other (2,880) | Postnatal depression |
3 to 4 months postpartum (average) | Hawaii PRAMS Depression Scale (≥10) | 9.4% vs. 8.8% |
High |
| Stock et al., 2013, Australia34 | Cross-sectional | Indigenous (3) | Non-Indigenous (197) | Postnatal depression | 3.6 months postpartum (average) | EPDS (≥13) | 66.7% vs. 15.2% | High |
| Wei et al., 2008, United States48 | Cross-sectional | Lumbee Tribe (305) | African-American (142), Hispanic (81), White (51), Non-Hispanic Other (7) | Postnatal depression | 6 weeks postpartum | PDSS (≥60) | 29.2% vs. 20.7% | High |
| Huang et al., 2007, United States42 | Prospective cohort | American Indian (267), Asian and Pacific Islander (37) | Non-Hispanic White (3,918), Non-Hispanic Black (1,274), Hispanics (1,246), Non-Hispanic Asians (918) | Postnatal depression | 6 to 12 months postpartum | CES-D | 47.4% vs. 41.5% | High |
| Wang et al., 2003, China and Taiwan49 | Cross-sectional | Aborigines—Pingtung County (99) | Taiwanese (210), Chinese (196) | Postnatal depression |
6 weeks postpartum | BDI (≥10) | 59.6% vs. 35.0% | High |
| Sugarman et al., 1994, United States43 | Cross-sectional | American Indian (444) | Black (3,849), White (3,489) | Postnatal depression | Up to 1 year postpartum | CES-D (≥16) | 32.0% vs. 27.9% | High |
| Webster et al., 1994, New Zealand38 | Cross-sectional | Maori (42) | European (163) | Postnatal depression | 4 weeks postpartum | EPDS (≥13) | 14.3% vs. 6.1% | High |
| Onoye et al., 2009, United States31 | Prospective cohort | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (22) | Asian (20), Caucasian (12) | (a) Postnatal depression (b) Postnatal PTSD (c) Postnatal anxiety (d) Postnatal alcohol use |
4 to 8 weeks postpartum | (a) CES-D (≥16) (b) Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire + PTSD Checklist–Civilian (c) STAI (≥40) (d) TWEAK (≥2) |
(a) 31.8% vs. 15.6% (b) 4.5% vs. 0% (c) 31.8% vs. 12.5% (d) 9.1% vs. 15.6% |
High |