Table 1.
Candidate bacteriophage VLP-based L2 HPV vaccines.
| Source of VLPs | HPV L2 Epitope Displayed (aa) | Length of Epitope | Position of Insertion on VLPs | Dose Immunized with | Neutralized or Protected against HPV Pseudoviruses (PsVs) * |
Ref #. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS2 | HPV16 L2 (aa 17–31) | 15 | N-terminus | Mice immunized with two doses of VLPs (5 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 5/6/16/33/35/39/45/51/53/58 | [5] |
| HPV16 L2 (aa 20–31) | 12 | ‘’ | ‘’ | Not tested | ||
| HPV16 L2 (aa 14–40) | 26 | ‘’ | ‘’ | ‘’ | ||
| HPV16 L2/31L2 (aa 20–31 + aa 17-31) | 27 | N-terminus | Mice immunized with two doses of a mixture of VLPs displaying 16L2/31L2 and VLPs displaying consensus epitope (10 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 16/18/31/33/45/58 | [57] | |
| Consensus (aa 69–86) | 18 | Mice orally immunized with three doses of a mixture of VLPs displaying 16/31L2 and VLPs displaying consensus epitope (100 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 11/16/53/56 | [62] | ||
| PsVs (oral): 16/35/39/52/58 | ||||||
| HPV16 L2 (aa 17–31) | 15 | 16L2 on N-terminus of one coat protein and 31L2 on the N-terminus of another coat protein | Mice immunized with two doses of hybrid VLPs (5 μg/dose) | PsVs (neutralized): 16/31/45/18/58 | [59] | |
| HPV31 L2 (aa 17–31) | 15 | |||||
| PP7 | HPVs: 1L2, 5L2, 6L2, 11L2, 16L2, 18L2, 45L2, 58L2 (aa 17–31) | 15 from each L2 on each VLP | AB-loop (internal insertion) | Mice immunized with three doses of a mixture of VLPs displaying all eight L2 peptides (10 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 6/16/18/31/45/52/58 PsVs (cutaneous): 5 |
[58] |
| PP7 | HPV16 L2 (aa 17–31) | 15 | 16L2 on AB-loop of one coat protein and 18L2 on the AB-loop of another coat protein | Mice immunized with two doses of hybrid VLPs (5 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 6 | [59] |
| HPV18 L2 (aa 17–31) | 15 | |||||
| HPV16 L2 (aa 35–50) | 16 | Chemical conjugation on surface | Mice immunized with three doses each VLP (5 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 16 (no protection) | [61] | |
| HPV16 L2 (aa 51–65) | 15 | PsVs (genital): 16 | ||||
| Qβ | HPV16 L2 (aa 34–52) | 19 | Chemical conjugation on surface | Mice immunized with three doses of each VLP (5 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 16 (no protection) | [61] |
| HPV16 L2 (aa 49–71) | 23 | PsVs (genital): 16 | ||||
| Consensus (aa 65–85) | 18 | PsVs (genital): 16 | ||||
| HPV16 L2 (aa 108–120) | 13 | PsVs (genital): 6/16/31/45/58 | ||||
| AP205 | A concatemer of HPV: 16L2, 18L2, 31L2, 35L2, 52L2 (aa 17–38) | 110 | C-terminus | Mice immunized with two doses of VLPs (5 μg/dose) | PsVs (genital): 16, 31, 35, 45, 52 | [60] |
* Bolded PsVs indicate that protection/neutralization was both significant and complete, while PsVs not bolded (in black) indicate that although the protection/neutralization was significant, it was not complete. PsVs not bolded (in gray background) indicate that there was minimal protection/neutralization or no protection at all (not significant protection); # Ref: Reference.