Table 1.
Characteristics of obese cases (n = 244) and non-obese controls (n = 244) 7–12 years of age, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| Obese a | %/Mean ± SE | Non-Obese b | %/Mean ± SE | χ2/t | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Females | 90 | 42.5 | 122 | 57.5 | 8.54 | 0.003 |
| Males | 154 | 55.8 | 122 | 44.2 | ||
| Children’s age | ||||||
| ≥10 years | 106 | 49.5 | 108 | 50.5 | 0.03 | 0.855 |
| <10 years | 138 | 50.4 | 136 | 49.6 | ||
| School location | ||||||
| Bantul | 78 | 50.0 | 78 | 50.0 | 0.00 | 1 |
| Yogyakarta | 166 | 50.0 | 166 | 50.0 | ||
| Mother’s age | ||||||
| ≥40 years | 98 | 51.6 | 92 | 48.4 | 0.31 | 0.578 |
| <40 years | 146 | 49.0 | 152 | 51.0 | ||
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| Elementary school | 13 | 41.9 | 18 | 58.1 | 1.58 | 0.663 |
| Junior high school | 31 | 47.0 | 35 | 53.0 | ||
| Senior high school | 101 | 49.8 | 102 | 50.2 | ||
| University | 99 | 52.7 | 89 | 47.3 | ||
| Mother’s job | ||||||
| Unemployment | 101 | 47.6 | 111 | 52.4 | 10.34 | 0.066 |
| Farm workers | 10 | 43.5 | 13 | 56.5 | ||
| Private employee | 31 | 49.2 | 32 | 50.8 | ||
| Government employee | 30 | 68.2 | 14 | 31.8 | ||
| Entrepreneur | 64 | 52.9 | 57 | 47.1 | ||
| Others | 8 | 32.0 | 17 | 68.0 | ||
| Father’s age | ||||||
| ≥40 years | 142 | 49.8 | 143 | 50.2 | 0.01 | 0.927 |
| <40 years | 102 | 50.2 | 101 | 49.8 | ||
| Father’s education | ||||||
| Elementary school | 11 | 50.0 | 11 | 50.0 | 1.41 | 0.703 |
| Junior high school | 25 | 43.1 | 33 | 56.9 | ||
| Senior high school | 98 | 50.0 | 98 | 50.0 | ||
| University | 108 | 51.9 | 100 | 48.1 | ||
| TV ownership | ||||||
| None or 1 TV | 108 | 46.0 | 127 | 54.0 | 2.96 | 0.085 |
| >1 TV | 136 | 53.8 | 117 | 46.2 | ||
| Household Monthly Expenditure (Rp) | 244 | 2,519,699 ± 96,892 | 244 | 2,611,081 ± 158,086 | 0.50 | 0.622 |
| Mean of sedentary time (hours/d) | 244 | 5.3 ± 0.052 | 244 | 4.4 ± 0.06 | −10.8 | <0.001 |
| Mean of Fruit-and-Vegetable intake (serving/d) | 244 | 2.39 ± 0.12 | 244 | 3.35 ± 0.17 | 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Mean Fast Food Energy Intake (kcal/d) | 169 | 155.2 ± 14.6 | 161 | 112.4 ± 11.0 | −2.3 | 0.0210 |
| Mean Junk Food Energy Intake (kcal/d) | 244 | 821.2 ± 32.7 | 244 | 702.6 ± 23.4 | −2.9 | 0.0034 |
a Obese children were those who have a body mass index (BMI) ≥95th percentile age and sex-specific body mass index proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. b Non-Obese children were those who have BMI below 85th percentile age and sex-specific body mass index proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.