Table 1.
Study design and subject characteristics of selected cross-sectional (CS) studies on the association between macronutrient distribution and sleep quality.
| Citation | Country | Population | n | Age [mean, SD](y) | BMI [mean, SD] | Dietary Collection Method | Measurement of Sleep Quality | Quality Assessment Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shi et al., 2008 1 [27] | China | Healthy | 2828 | 47.1 (14.2) | 23.5 (3.5) | 3-Day food record | Sleep duration (24-h) | 8 |
| Haghighatdoost et al., 2012 [28] | Iran | Healthy | 223 | 20.7 (1.8) | 22.5 (2.8) | FFQ | Sleep duration (Nocturnal) | 6 |
| Santana et al., 2012 [29] | Brazil | Elderly and obese | 58 | 66.2 (4.0) | 33.8 (2.7) | 24-h Recall | Sleep duration (Nocturnal) | 5 |
| Grandner et al., 2013 2 [30] | USA | Healthy | 4548 | 46.3 (16.5) | 28.7 (6.8) | 24-h Recall | Sleep duration (Nocturnal) | 8 |
| Kant & Graubard, 2014 2 [31] | USA | Healthy | 15,199 | - | - | 24-h Recall | Sleep duration (Nocturnal) | 6 |
| Katagiri et al., 2014 [32] | Japan | Healthy | 3129 | 47.6 (4.0) | 21.9 (3.0) | DHQ | Sleep duration (Nocturnal), PSQI | 8 |
| Poggiogalle et al., 2016 [33] | Italy | Healthy (Caucasian) | 42 | 52.5 (11.2) | 40.1 (6.7) | 3-Day food record | Sleep duration (24-h) | 8 |
| Doo & Kim, 2016 3 [34] | Korea | Healthy | 14,111 | 44.8 (0.3) | 23.7 (0.1) | FFQ | Sleep duration (24-h) | 8 |
| Doo et al., 2016 3 [35] | Korea | Healthy | 14,680 | 45.2 (0.3) | 23.6 (0.1) | FFQ | Sleep duration (24-h) | 8 |
| Heath et al., 2016 [36] | Australia | Healthy (Shift-workers) | 118 | 43.4 (9.9) | 27.1 (4.3) | FFQ | Sleep duration (24-h) | 8 |
| Doo & Kim, 2016 3 [37] | Korea | Healthy | 14,111 | 44.9 (0.2) | 23.7 (0.1) | FFQ | Sleep duration (24-h) | 8 |
| Bennett et al., 2017 [38] | Australia | Healthy | 6594 | 33.7 | 26.0 | FFQ | Sleep duration (24-h) | 8 |
| Spaeth et al., 2017 [39] | USA | Healthy | 46 | 33.9 (9.1) | 24.5 (3.6) | Weight | Sleep duration (Nocturnal), SL, SE% | 6 |
| Komada et al., 2017 [40] | Japan | Healthy | 1902 | 48.0 (10.3) | 22.4 (3.3) | BDHQ | Sleep duration (Nocturnal), SL | 7 |
| Liu et al., 2018 1 [41] | China | Healthy | 9239 | 50.5 (15.0) | 23.35 (3.5) | 24-h Recall | Sleep duration (24-h) | 6 |
| Average Score | 7.2 | |||||||
1 Data obtained from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 2 Data obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 3 Data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), BDHQ (brief diet history questionnaire); BMI (body mass index); DHQ (dietary history questionnaires); FFQ (food frequency questionnaire); PSQI (Pittsburgh sleep quality index); SL (sleep latency); SE% (sleep efficiency).